Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Article

Mutational status of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): molecular analysis should be performed for NIFTPs with nuclear score 3: Ayaka Sako, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Michiko Matsuse, Miyoko Higuchi, Akira Miyauchi, Takashi Akamizu, Atsushi Kawakami, Norisato Mitsutake; J Pathol Transl Med. 2026;60(2):214-219. Published online February 23, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.12.06

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Abstract PDF: Background
The classification of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) was introduced to prevent the overtreatment of indolent tumors that were formerly diagnosed as non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas (NIEFV-PTCs). Although NIFTP was initially estimated to account for 10%–20% of papillary thyroid carcinomas in Western populations, its incidence is substantially lower in Asian cohorts. However, a multi-institutional Japanese study revealed that 31.0% of tumors previously diagnosed as follicular adenomas (FAs) were reclassified as NIFTPs. NIFTP diagnosis requires a nuclear score (NS) of 2–3, and according to the recent World Health Organization criteria, molecular analysis is recommended, but not mandatory, to exclude high-risk subtypes, namely cases with the BRAFV600E mutation, particularly for NS3 tumors. Methods: We performed genetic analysis on 92 archival thyroid tumor samples, including 69 previously diagnosed as FA, of which 34 remained as FA upon re-evaluation (group A) and 35 were reclassified as NIFTP with NS2 (group B). Additional 23 tumors previously diagnosed as NIEFV-PTC were reclassified as NIFTP with NS3 (group C). Results: RAS mutations were detected in 8.8%, 34.3%, and 21.7% of the tumor samples in groups A, B, and C, respectively, whereas BRAF mutations were present in 43.5% of the tumor samples in group C only. Conclusions: These findings suggest the presence of two distinct tumor subsets within NIFTP-NS3, underscoring the need for routine molecular diagnostics in NIFTP-NS3 to facilitate appropriate clinical management.

Case Study

Drug-induced phospholipidosis of the kidney suspected to be caused by atomoxetine: Sung-Eun Choi, Kee Hyuck Kim, Minsun Jung, Jeong Hae Kie; J Pathol Transl Med. 2026;60(1):124-128. Published online January 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2025.12.10

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Drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIP) is characterized by intracellular accumulation of phospholipids with lamellar body formation secondary to drug-altered lipid metabolism, which can trigger inflammation and histopathological changes. Fabry disease and DIP both exhibit zebra bodies on electron microscopy, complicating differential diagnosis. A 17-year-old male with microscopic hematuria and proteinuria had received atomoxetine (40 mg) for 11 months to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Light microscopy showed one glomerulus with perihilar sclerosis and periglomerular fibrosis. Kidney biopsy revealed zebra bodies in podocytes, initially suggesting Fabry disease. However, α-galactosidase A enzyme activity was normal on tandem mass spectrometry. Next-generation sequencing of GLA identified only three benign variants. This represents the first reported case of atomoxetine-induced DIP. When zebra bodies are observed, clinicians should consider DIP caused by cationic amphiphilic drugs alongside Fabry disease. Atomoxetine meets the structural criteria for inducing DIP, and awareness of this potential complication is essential.

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Atomoxetine

Reactions Weekly.2026; 2095(1): 19. CrossRef

Original Article

Association study of TYMS gene expression with TYMS and ENOSF1 genetic variants in neoadjuvant chemotherapy response of gastric cancer: Khadijeh Arjmandi, Iman Salahshourifar, Shiva Irani, Fereshteh Ameli, Mohsen Esfandbod; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(2):105-114. Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.11.05

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Abstract PDF

Background
The present research was designed to study the associations between genetic variants of TYMS and ENOSF1 genes with TYMS and ENOSF1 gene expression in neoadjuvant chemotherapy response among patients with gastric cancer. Methods: Formalin-embedded and paraffin-fixed matched tumor and normal gastric cancer tissue samples from patients who received neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment were obtained. DNA and RNA were extracted for all samples. A 28-bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) at the 5' untranslated region of TYMS gene and rs2612091 and rs2741171 variants in the ENOSF1 gene were genotyped for normal tissue samples. The real-time polymerase chain reaction method was used to study the expression of ENOSF1 and TYMS genes in both normal and tumor tissues. Data were analyzed using REST 2000 and SPSS ver. 26.0 software programs. Results: A significant association between TYMS 2R3R VNTR genotypes and 5-FU therapy was found (p = .032). The 3R3R and 2R2R genotypes were significantly associated with increased and decreased survival time, respectively (p = .003). The 3R3R genotype was significantly associated with TYMS overexpression (p < .001). Moreover, a significant association was found between the rs2612091 genotype and treatment outcome (p = .017). Conclusions: This study highlights the impact of TYMS and ENOSF1 genes as predictive indicators for survival and response to 5-FU–based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients.

Citations

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Innovative biomaterial strategies for mitigating radiotherapy toxicity: multidimensional mechanistic interventions of nano-microscale materials and hydrogels
Yifan Liu, Fengdi Jiang, Jie Song, Huaijin Qiao, Junlong Dai, Hao Bai, Shuyu Zhang
Coordination Chemistry Reviews.2026; 549: 217313. CrossRef
Mebendazole impairs the expression and function of enzymes in nucleotide metabolism pathways, leading to Selective Cytotoxicity, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Damage to Cell Morphology in Gastric Cancer
Emerson Lucena da Silva, Felipe Pantoja Mesquita, Pedro Victor da Rocha Lima, José Hélio de Araújo Filho, Francisco Laio de Oliveira, Ana Beatriz da Lima, Pedro Filho Noronha Souza, Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
Chemico-Biological Interactions.2026; 430: 111973. CrossRef

Case Study

Uncommon granulomatous manifestation in Epstein-Barr virus–positive follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: a case report: Henry Goh Di Shen, Yue Zhang, Wei Qiang Leow; J Pathol Transl Med. 2025;59(2):133-138. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.09.27

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Abstract PDF

Hepatic Epstein-Barr virus–positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (EBV+ IFDCS) represents a rare form of liver malignancy. The absence of distinct clinical and radiological characteristics, compounded by its rare occurrence, contributes to a challenging diagnosis. Here, we report a case of a 54-year-old Chinese female with a background of chronic hepatitis B virus treated with entecavir and complicated by advanced fibrosis presenting with a liver mass found on her annual surveillance ultrasound. Hepatectomy was performed under clinical suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunomorphologic characteristics of the tumor were consistent with EBV+ IFDCS with distinct non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. Our case illustrates the importance of considering EBV+ IFDCS in the differential diagnosis of hepatic inflammatory lesions. Awareness of this entity and its characteristic features is essential for accurately diagnosing and managing this rare neoplasm.

Citations

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Mesenchymal Tumors of the Liver: An Update Review
Joon Hyuk Choi, Swan N. Thung
Biomedicines.2025; 13(2): 479. CrossRef
EBV-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma occurring in different organs: a case report and literature review
Wenhua Bai, Chunfang Hu, Zheng Zhu
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Spleen EBV-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: a case report and literature review
Yi Xiao, Lanlan Li, Xiumei Zhan, Juner Xu, Yewu Chen, Qiuchan Zhao, Yinghao Fu, Xian Luo, Huadi Chen, Hao Xu
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Epstein-Barr virus-positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the liver: clinical features, imaging findings and potential diagnostic clues
Gui-Ling Huang, Man-Qian Huang, Yu-Ting Zhang, Hui-Ning Huang, Hong-Tao Liu, Xiao-Qing Pei
Abdominal Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Epstein‑Barr virus+ inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma with clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement: A case report and literature review
Qian Ye, Juan Zhao, Jiao He, Weishan Zhang
Oncology Letters.2025; 31(2): 1. CrossRef
Primary hepatic follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A case study and literature review
Junjie Zhu, Ying Liang, Li Zhang, Bingqi Li, Danfeng Zheng, Hangyan Wang
Journal of International Medical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Immunohistochemical expression in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies at a single center in Vietnam: Dat Quoc Ngo, Si Tri Le, Khanh Hoang Phuong Phan, Thao Thi Phuong Doan, Linh Ngoc Khanh Nguyen, Minh Hoang Dang, Thien Thanh Ly, Thu Dang Anh Phan; J Pathol Transl Med. 2024;58(4):174-181. Published online June 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2024.05.02

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Abstract PDF

Background
The identification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) requires a comprehensive analysis involving clinical manifestations and histological findings. This study aims to provide insights into the histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of IIMs.
Methods
This retrospective case series involved 56 patients diagnosed with IIMs at the Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, from 2019 to 2023. The histology and immunohistochemical expression of HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, C5b-9, Mx1/2/3, and p62 were detected.
Results
We examined six categories of inflammatory myopathy, including immunemediated necrotizing myopathy (58.9%), dermatomyositis (DM; 23.2%), overlap myositis (8.9%), antisynthetase syndrome (5.4%), inclusion body myositis (IBM; 1.8%), and polymyositis (1.8%). The average age of the patients was 49.7 ± 16.1 years, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. Inflammatory cell infiltration in the endomysium was present in 62.5% of cases, perifascicular atrophy was found in 17.8%, and fiber necrosis was observed in 42 cases (75.0%). Rimmed vacuoles were present in 100% of cases in the IBM group. Immunohistochemistry showed the following positivity rates: HLA-ABC (89.2%), HLA-DR (19.6%), C5b-9 (57.1%), and Mx1/2/3 (10.7%). Mx1/2/3 expression was high in DM cases. p62 vacuole deposits were noted in the IBM case. The combination of membrane attack complex and major histocompatibility complex I helped detect IIMs in 96% of cases.
Conclusions
The diagnosis of IIMs and their subtypes should be based on clinical features and histopathological characteristics. Immunohistochemistry plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and differentiation of these subgroups.

Citations

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Evaluating the Diagnostic Potential of Myxovirus Resistance Protein 1 (MX1) and Myxovirus Resistance Protein 2 (MX2) As Biomarkers in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
Raghavee Neupane, Mustafa Haider, Perry Smith, Marc M Kesselman
Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Rapidly Progressive Polymyositis With Vasculitis: The Pivotal Role of Histopathology in Diagnosis and Management
Amitha Venmanassery Karnalsingh, Arjun Karappilly Vijayan, Monica Roselin Edwin Peter, Dilan Davis
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Autoimmune Neuromuscular Disorders at a Molecular Crossroad: Linking Pathogenesis to Targeted Immunotherapy
Anca-Maria Florea, Dimela-Gabriela Luca, Eugenia Irene Davidescu, Bogdan-Ovidiu Popescu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(23): 11736. CrossRef

Case Study

Thyroid pathology, a clue to PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: Yurimi Lee, Young Lyun Oh; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(3):178-183. Published online March 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.03.04

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Abstract PDF

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a hereditary disorder caused by germline inactivating mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. As a type of PHTS, Cowden syndrome is associated with abnormalities of the thyroid, breast, uterus, and gastrointestinal tract. A 52-year-old-woman visited the outpatient clinic of our endocrinology clinic with multiple thyroid nodules and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Computed tomography imaging revealed a multinodular mass measuring up to 3.5 cm in the left thyroid lobe, causing laryngotracheal airway displacement. The total thyroidectomy specimen revealed multiple follicular adenomas and adenomatous nodules with lymphocytic thyroiditis and lipomatous metaplasia in the background. The patient was suspected of PTHS based on her thyroid pathology, family history, and numerous hamartomatous lesions of the breast, uterus, and skin. Her diagnosis was confirmed through molecular testing. This case demonstrates that pathologists must be well acquainted with thyroid pathology in PHTS.

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Risk of malignancy in PTEN-altered thyroid nodules detected on preoperative FNA molecular testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Patrizia Straccia, Vincenzo Fiorentino, Belen Padial Urtueta, Qianqian Zhang, Alessia Piermattei, Federica Cianfrini, Antonino Mule, Esther Diana Rossi
Human Pathology.2026; : 106104. CrossRef
Dual primary malignancies in Kashmir: A five-year analysis of temporal patterns, gender-specific presentations and treatment outcomes in a high gastrointestinal cancer risk population
Ubaid Jeelani, Mushood Ghulam Nabi, Asim Ahmad Dar, Gowher Ahmad Wagai, Aadil Najeed, Sheikh Owais Ahmad, Lande Sagar Janardhan, Md Mayeen Afsan Ahmad, Uzma Majeed
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2026; 15(2): 530. CrossRef
A clinical case of papillary thyroid cancer associated with a PTEN gene defect
R. A. Atanesyan, L. Ja. Klimov, T. M. Vdovina, G. A. Saneeva, E. I. Andreeva, I. A. Stremenkova, R. I. Arakelyan, I. K. Gasparyan
Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics).2025; 69(6): 85. CrossRef
Pediatric cancer predisposition syndromes involving non-central nervous system solid pediatric tumors: a review on their manifestations with a focus on histopathology
B. Schurink, M. Reyes-Múgica, R. R. de Krijger
Virchows Archiv.2025; 486(1): 3. CrossRef
Dedifferentiated Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterine Corpus with Heterologous Component: Clinicopathological Analysis of Five Consecutive Cases from a Single Institution and Comprehensive Literature Review
Suyeon Kim, Hyunsik Bae, Hyun-Soo Kim
Diagnostics.2024; 14(2): 160. CrossRef
Case report: Rare oral manifestations in Cowden syndrome with PTEN mutation
Wei Yuan, Yanbin Liu, Haibin Sun, Ming Su, Lizheng Qin, Xin Huang
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Can thyroid histomorphology identify patients with PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome?
Melad N Dababneh, Laura Rabinowitz, Gilman Plitt, Charis Eng, Christopher C Griffith
Histopathology.2024; 85(6): 929. CrossRef
A novel mutation in PTEN in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: A case report
Yanli Zhao
Biomedical Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Report

Solitary Peutz-Jeghers type harmartomatous polyp in duodenum with gastric foveolar epithelium: a case report: Eugene Choi, Junghwan Lee, Youngsoo Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(2):128-131. Published online January 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.11.07

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Abstract PDF

Peutz-Jeghers type hamartomatous polyp is known to be associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, which shows characteristic multiple hamartomatous polyp involvement in the gastrointestinal tract, combined with mucocutaneous symptom, familial history of Peutz- Jeghers syndrome or STK11/LTB1 mutation. However, some cases showing histologic appearance of the polyps discovered in Peutz- Jeghers syndrome while lacking other diagnostic criteria of the syndrome have been reported, and these are called solitary Peutz- Jeghers type polyps. Herein, we report a case of solitary Peutz-Jeghers type polyp covered with heterotopic epithelium. The patient was 47-year-old female without any mucocutaneous symptoms nor familial history of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Microscopic examination revealed Peutz-Jeghers type hamartomatous polyp in duodenum covered with gastric type foveolar epithelium. Considering the definition of hamartomatous polyp, which is, the abnormal overgrowth of the indigenous epithelial component, the histological feature of current case is noteworthy in a point that it shows proliferation of heterotopic component, rather than the indigenous component.

Citations

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A Solitary Peutz-Jeghers Hamartomatous Polyp in the Gastric Body: A Case Report
Noelia Madera, Noemí Acevedo, Carmen González-Peralta, Rafael Castro, Vismelis Mezquita-Luna
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Blocking Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury: Badr Alzahrani, Mohamed M. S. Gaballa, Ahmed A. Tantawy, Maha A. Moussa, Salma A. Shoulah, Said M. Elshafae; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(2):81-91. Published online March 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.12.27

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Abstract PDF

Background
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most common complications in coronavirus disease 2019 patients suffering from acute lung injury (ALI). In ARDS, marked distortion of pulmonary architecture has been reported. The pulmonary lesions in ARDS include hemodynamic derangements (such as alveolar edema and hemorrhage), vascular and bronchiolar damage, interstitial inflammatory cellular aggregations, and eventually fibrosis. Bleomycin induces ARDS-representative pulmonary damage in mice and rats; therefore, we used bleomycin model mice in our study. Recently, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was implicated in the development of ARDS and ALI.
Methods
In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of a TLR9 blocker (ODN2088) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary damage. We measured the apoptosis rate, inflammatory reaction, and fibroplasia in bleomycin- and bleomycin + ODN2088-treated mice.
Results
Our results showed a significant amelioration in bleomycin-induced damage to pulmonary architecture following ODN2088 treatment. A marked decrease in pulmonary epithelial and endothelial apoptosis rate as measured by cleaved caspase-3 expression, inflammatory reaction as indicated by tumor necrosis factor α expression, and pulmonary fibrosis as demonstrated by Van Gieson staining and α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry were observed following ODN2088 treatment.
Conclusions
All these findings indicate that blocking downstream TLR9 signaling could be beneficial in prevention or mitigation of ARDS through hemodynamic derangements, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis.

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A novel mouse model of myositis-associated interstitial lung disease was established by using TLR9 agonist combined with muscle homogenate
Ling Bai, Jiarui Zhu, Wenlan Ma, Peipei Zhao, Feifei Li, Cen Zhang, Sigong Zhang
Clinical and Experimental Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toll-like Receptor 9 Inhibition Mitigates Fibroproliferative Responses in Translational Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Glenda Trujillo, Alicia Regueiro-Ren, Chunjian Liu, Buqu Hu, Ying Sun, Farida Ahangari, Vitoria Fiorini, Genta Ishikawa, Karam Al Jumaily, Johad Khoury, John McGovern, Chris J. Lee, Xue Yan Peng, Taylor Pivarnik, Huanxing Sun, Anjali Walia, Samuel Woo, Sh
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.2025; 211(1): 91. CrossRef
CD103+ dendritic cell–fibroblast crosstalk via TLR9, TDO2, and AHR signaling drives lung fibrogenesis
Hannah Carter, Rita Medina Costa, Taylor S. Adams, Talon M. Gilchrist, Claire E. Emch, Monica Bame, Justin M. Oldham, Steven K. Huang, Angela L. Linderholm, Imre Noth, Naftali Kaminski, Bethany B. Moore, Stephen J. Gurczynski
JCI Insight.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Mitigated Effect of the Combination of Metformin and Stearic Acid to Ameliorate Bleomycin‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats via Inhibiting Gal‐3/Smad3/α‐SMA and TNF‐α/NF‐κβ Signaling Pathways
Maha M. Salem, Nermin S. Youssef, Mai El Keiy, Abeer A. Khamis
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Unraveling the Interactive Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Promoting Macrophage Polarization in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Jiajia Zou, Junling Jian, Dehua Ge, Bin Zhou, Jiaxiang Zhang
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanisms underlying dose-limiting toxicities of conventional chemotherapeutic agents
Mohammad Amin Manavi, Mohammad Hosein Fathian Nasab, Razieh Mohammad Jafari, Ahmad Reza Dehpour
Journal of Chemotherapy.2024; 36(8): 623. CrossRef
Innate Immune Response-Mediated Inflammation in Viral Pneumonia
Weiwei Ni, Xin Wei, Rui Wu
Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases.2024; 19(03): 140. CrossRef
Combination of losartan with pirfenidone: a protective anti-fibrotic against pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in rats
Arian Amirkhosravi, Maryamossadat Mirtajaddini Goki, Mahmoud Reza Heidari, Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri, Maryam Iranpour, Maryam Torshabi, Mitra Mehrabani, Ali Mandegary, Mehrnaz Mehrabani
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Suppression of miR-17 Alleviates Acute Respiratory Distress-associated Lung Fibrosis by Regulating Mfn2
Mei-xia Xu, Tao Xu, Ning An
Current Medical Science.2024; 44(5): 964. CrossRef
Study of Recombinant Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Compositions Biological Activity After Injection and Inhalation in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Inflammation
Alexander M. Ischenko, Ksenia A. Nekrasova, Denis S. Laptev, Dmitry V. Bobkov, Alexander A. Kolobov, Andrey S. Simbirtsev
Cytokines and inflammation.2024; 21(3): 153. CrossRef
TLR9: A friend or a foe
Mona M. Saber, Nada Monir, Azza S. Awad, Marwa E. Elsherbiny, Hala F. Zaki
Life Sciences.2022; 307: 120874. CrossRef

Case Studies

Adrenal hemangioblastoma: Joo-Yeon Koo, Kyung-Hwa Lee, Joon Hyuk Choi, Ho Seok Chung, Chan Choi; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(3):161-166. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.12.28

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Abstract PDF

Hemangioblastoma (HB) is a rare benign tumor that most commonly occurs in the cerebellum. HB is composed of neoplastic stromal cells and abundant small vessels. However, the exact origin of stromal cells is controversial. Extraneural HBs have been reported in a small series, and peripheral HBs arising in the adrenal gland are extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of sporadic adrenal HB in a 54-year-old woman. The tumor was a well-circumscribed, yellow mass measuring 4.2 cm in diameter. Histologically, the tumor was composed of small blood vessels and vacuolated stromal cells with clear cytoplasm. On immunohistochemical stain, the stromal cells were positive for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and synaptophysin. The tumor did not reveal mutation of VHL alleles. We herein present a case of HB of the adrenal gland and review of the literature.

Citations

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Familial Von Hippel–Lindau Disease: A Case Series of Cerebral Hemangioblastomas with MRI, Histopathological, and Genetic Correlations
Claudiu Matei, Ioana Boeras, Dan Orga Dumitriu, Cosmin Mutu, Adriana Popescu, Mihai Gabriel Cucu, Alexandru Calotă-Dobrescu, Bogdan Fetica, Diter Atasie
Life.2025; 15(11): 1649. CrossRef

Juxtacortical chondromyxoid fibroma in the small bones: two cases with unusual location and a literature review: Sun-Ju Oh, So Hak Chung; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(3):157-160. Published online January 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.12.15

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Abstract PDF

Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare bone tumor of cartilaginous origin, representing less than 1% of all bone tumors. It preferentially arises in the eccentric location of the metaphysis of a long tubular bone. Juxtacortical locations are reported infrequently in the long bones and even more rarely in short tubular bones, with only three cases documented. Here we present two new cases of juxtacortical chondromyxoid fibroma in the small bones. One was an intracortical osteolytic lesion of the metatarsal bone of the foot with degenerative atypia that histologically should be differentiated from chondrosarcoma. The other was a phalangeal mass protruding into the interphalangeal joint of the hand, which had been labeled mistakenly as a soft tissue mass preoperatively. These cases illustrated that chondromyxoid fibromas have various the manifestations and should be included in the differential diagnosis of an osteolytic lesion or an exophytic mass in the small bones.

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Citations to this article as recorded by

Cartilage Forming Tumors of the Skeleton
Julio A. Diaz-Perez, Andrew E. Rosenberg
Advances in Anatomic Pathology.2025; 32(2): 132. CrossRef

Original Article

Clinicopathologic implication of PD-L1 gene alteration in primary adrenal diffuse large B cell lymphoma: Ki Rim Lee, Jiwon Koh, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hyun Jung Kwon, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin Ho Paik; J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(1):32-39. Published online November 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2021.10.05

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Abstract PDF: Background
Primary adrenal (PA) diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was previously reported as an aggressive subset of DLBCL, but its genetic features were not sufficiently characterized. From our previous study of DLBCL with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) gene alterations, we focused on PD-L1 gene alterations in PA-DLBCL with clinicopathologic implications.
Methods
We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization for PD-L1 gene translocation and amplification in PA-DLBCL (n = 18) and comparatively analyzed clinicopathologic characteristics with systemic non-adrenal (NA)-DLBCL (n = 90).
Results
PA-DLBCL harbored distinctive features (vs. NADLBCL), including high international prognostic index score (3–5) (72% [13/18] vs. 38% [34/90], p = .007), poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score (≥ 2) (47% [7/15] vs. 11% [10/90], p = .003), elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (78% [14/18] vs. 51% [44/87], p = .035) and MUM1 expression (87% [13/15] vs. 60% [54/90], p = .047). Moreover, PA-DLBCL showed frequent PD-L1 gene alterations (vs. NA-DLBCL) (39% [7/18] vs. 6% [5/86], p = .001), including translocation (22% [4/18] vs. 3% [3/87], p = .016) and amplification (17% [3/18] vs. 2% [2/87], p = .034). Within the PA-DLBCL group, PD-L1 gene–altered cases (vs. non-altered cases) tended to have B symptoms (p = .145) and elevated LDH (p = .119) but less frequent bulky disease (≥ 10 cm) (p = .119). In the survival analysis, PA-DLBCL had a poor prognosis for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (vs. NA-DLBCL; p = .014 and p = .004). Within the PA-DLBCL group, PD-L1 translocation was associated with shorter OS and PFS (p < .001 and p = .012).
Conclusions
PA-DLBCL is a clinically aggressive and distinct subset of DLBCL with frequent PD-L1 gene alterations. PD-L1 gene translocation was associated with poor prognosis in PA-DLBCL.

Case Studies

Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma with an unusual location in the rib: Sun-Ju Oh; J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):75-78. Published online December 3, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.10.08

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Abstract PDF

Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma is a rare bone tumor, with fewer than 35 cases reported in the literature since 1984. This tumor usually occurs in the long bones of children and adolescents. In the current case, the tumor affected a rib. A 17-year-old boy presented with a mass in the right fifth rib. Radiologic findings revealed an osteolytic mass with cortical destruction and calcification; en bloc resection was performed. The tumor showed three distinct histologic features: bland spindle cell proliferation, benign cartilage nodules, and epiphyseal plate-like enchondral ossification. The pathologic diagnosis was fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma. The patient remains free of disease 1 year after the surgery. Pathological diagnosis of fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma can be challenging, especially when the tumor occurs in an unusual site. When any fibro-osseous lesion with a cartilaginous component is encountered, the possibility of fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma should be considered because of its locally aggressive behavior.

Citations

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Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma: a case report and a literature review
A. A. Karyagina, V. Yu. Roshchin, I. V. Sidorov, D. M. Konovalov
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Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma of the rib with atypical imaging features
Rashed Al-Khudairi, Danielle Forster, Sofina Begum, Alexandra Rice, Adrienne M Flanagan, Fernanda Amary, Paul O’Donnell
BJR|Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma of pelvis—a potential diagnostic pitfall
Monalisa Hui, Shantveer G. Uppin, Ramakrishna Narayanan, K. Nageshwara Rao, B. Aravind Kumar
Skeletal Radiology.2023; 52(4): 791. CrossRef

Pediatric granular cell tumor in the posterior wall of the larynx extending to the trachea: Jungsuk Ahn, Na Rae Kim, Yong Han Sun; J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(4):336-339. Published online April 15, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.02.28

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Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a slow-growing benign neoplasm that can be found in any organ. Pediatric laryngotracheal GCT is rare. We experienced a 6-year-old boy suffering from a barking cough and symptoms of stridor and croup for one month. Head and neck computed tomography revealed a protruding mass that occluded 60% of the airway lumen. Under the impression of hemangioma or papilloma, excision revealed a submucosal non-encapsulated mass. Histologically, the mass was composed of sheets of large polyhedralshaped tumor cells containing plump eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and centrally placed, small, bland-appearing nuclei. The tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, and voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm was stained by diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff. The present report describes a unique case of a huge pediatric laryngeal GCT extending to the subglottic trachea. We also review the clinical course of pediatric laryngotracheal GCT and emphasize the importance of diagnosing GCT in children.

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Pediatric granular cell tumor of the larynx: A case report and literature review
Jing Ke, Junwei Xiong, Juhong Zhang, Haiyu Ma, Wei Yuan
Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.2023; 19(4): 1070. CrossRef

Original Articles

Comparison of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue between Young and Old Patients: Gyuheon Choi, Joon Seon Song, Seung-Ho Choi, Soon Yuhl Nam, Sang Yoon Kim, Jong-Lyel Roh, Bu-Kyu Lee, Kyung-Ja Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(6):369-377. Published online October 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.09.16

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
The worldwide incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCOT) in young patients has been increasing. We investigated clinicopathologic features of this unique population and compared them with those of SCCOT in the elderly to delineate its pathogenesis.
Methods
We compared clinicopathological parameters between patients under and over 45 years old. Immunohistochemical assays of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, p53, p16, mdm2, cyclin D1, and glutathione S-transferase P1 were also compared between them.
Results
Among 189 cases, 51 patients (27.0%) were under 45 years of age. A higher proportion of women was seen in the young group, but was not statistically significant. Smoking and drinking behaviors between age groups were similar. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis showed no significant difference by age and sex other than higher histologic grades observed in young patients.
Conclusions
SCCOT in young adults has similar clinicopathological features to that in the elderly, suggesting that both progress via similar pathogenetic pathways.

Citations

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Epidemiological trends and characteristics of oral tongue cancer in females: systematic review and meta-analysis
J. Hu, N. Kaunein, A. DeAngelis
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2026; 55(3): 267. CrossRef
Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Young Adults in Brazil: Temporal Trends From 2013 to 2023
Natália Santos Barcelos, Yohana Cordeiro de Miranda Magno, Juliana Maria Braga Sclauser, Renata de Castro Martins, Rodnei Alves Marques, Maria Cássia Ferreira de Aguiar, Patrícia Carlos Caldeira
Oral Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Tongue Tells a Tale: Clinicopathological Case Study of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Pankaj Kshirsagar, Manu S. Babu
Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth.2026; 19(2): 158. CrossRef
Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Young Patients: A Multi-Institutional Study of the Canadian Head & Neck Collaborative Research Initiative
Xinyuan Hong, Alexandra E. Quimby, Dorsa Mavedatnia, A. Travis Pickett, Martin Corsten, Tinghua Zhang, Angelina Tohme, Stephanie Johnson-Obaseki, Carlos Khalil, Mark Khoury, Antoine Eskander, Hesameddin Noroozi, David Goldstein, John De Almeida, James Fow
Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
High Failure Rates in Young Nonsmoker Nondrinkers With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Tongue
Brianna M. Jones, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Eric J. Lehrer, Daniel R. Dickstein, Kunal K. Sindhu, Krzysztof J. Misiukiewicz, Marshall Posner, Jerry T. Liu, Vishal Gupta, Sonam Sharma, Scott A. Roof, Marita Teng, Eric M. Genden, Richard L. Bakst
The Laryngoscope.2023; 133(5): 1110. CrossRef
Characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma focusing on cases unaffected by smoking and drinking: A multicenter retrospective study
Hiroyuki Harada, Masahiro Kikuchi, Ryo Asato, Kiyomi Hamaguchi, Hisanobu Tamaki, Masanobu Mizuta, Ryusuke Hori, Tsuyoshi Kojima, Keigo Honda, Takashi Tsujimura, Yohei Kumabe, Kazuyuki Ichimaru, Yoshiharu Kitani, Koji Ushiro, Morimasa Kitamura, Shogo Shino
Head & Neck.2023; 45(7): 1812. CrossRef
Genetic characteristics of advanced oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in young patients
Sehui Kim, Chung Lee, Hyangmi Kim, Sun Och Yoon
Oral Oncology.2023; 144: 106466. CrossRef
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Frequency in Young Patients from Referral Centers Around the World
Rafael Ferreira e Costa, Marina Luiza Baião Leão, Maria Sissa Pereira Sant’Ana, Ricardo Alves Mesquita, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Alan Roger Santos-Silva, Syed Ali Khurram, Artysha Tailor, Ciska-Mari Schouwstra, Liam Robinson, Willie F. P. van Heerden, Rami
Head and Neck Pathology.2022; 16(3): 755. CrossRef
Early-onset oral cancer as a clinical entity: aetiology and pathogenesis
E.S. Kolegova, M.R. Patysheva, I.V. Larionova, I.K. Fedorova, D.E. Kulbakin, E.L. Choinzonov, E.V. Denisov
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2022; 51(12): 1497. CrossRef
The effect of age on the clinicopathological features of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Alaa S Saeed, Bashar H Abdullah
Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry.2022; 34(1): 25. CrossRef
Survival Outcomes in Oral Tongue Cancer: A Mono-Institutional Experience Focusing on Age
Mohssen Ansarin, Rita De Berardinis, Federica Corso, Gioacchino Giugliano, Roberto Bruschini, Luigi De Benedetto, Stefano Zorzi, Fausto Maffini, Fabio Sovardi, Carolina Pigni, Donatella Scaglione, Daniela Alterio, Maria Cossu Rocca, Susanna Chiocca, Sara
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Meta-analysis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Young Adults with a Comparison to the Older Group Patients (2014–2019)
Khadijah Mohideen, C. Krithika, Nadeem Jeddy, Thayumanavan Balakrishnan, R. Bharathi, S. Leena Sankari
Contemporary Clinical Dentistry.2021; 12(3): 213. CrossRef
Modern perspectives of oral squamous cell carcinoma
A.A. Ivina
Arkhiv patologii.2020; 82(3): 55. CrossRef

Reclassification of Mongolian Diffuse Gliomas According to the Revised 2016 World Health Organization Central Nervous System Tumor Classification: Enkhee Ochirjav, Bayarmaa Enkhbat, Tuul Baldandorj, Gheeyoung Choe; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(5):298-307. Published online August 2, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.07.15

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Abstract PDF

Background
The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors has been modified to incorporate the IDH mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion in the diagnosis of diffuse gliomas. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility and prognostic significance of the revised 2016 WHO classification of CNS tumors in Mongolian patients with diffuse gliomas.
Methods
A total of 124 cases of diffuse gliomas were collected, and tissue microarray blocks were made. IDH1 mutation was tested using immunohistochemistry, and 1p/19q co-deletion status was examined using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.
Results
According to the 2016 WHO classification, 124 cases of diffuse brain glioma were reclassified as follows: 10 oligodendroglioma, IDH^mut and 1p/19q co-deleted; three anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH^mut and 1p/19q co-deleted; 35 diffuse astrocytoma, IDH^mut, 11 diffuse astrocytoma, IDH^wt, not otherwise specified (NOS); 22 anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH^mut, eight anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH^wt, NOS; and 35 glioblastoma, IDH^wt, NOS, respectively. The 2016 WHO classification presented better prognostic value for overall survival in patients with grade II tumors than traditional histological classification. Among patients with grade II tumors, those with oligodendroglioma IDH^mut and 1p/19q co-deleted and diffuse astrocytoma IDH^mut showed significantly higher survival than those with diffuse astrocytoma IDH^wt, NOS (p<.01).
Conclusions
Mongolian diffuse gliomas could be reclassified according to the new 2016 WHO classification. Reclassification revealed substantial changes in diagnosis of both oligodendroglial and astrocytic entities. We have confirmed that the revised 2016 WHO CNS tumor classification has prognostic significance in Mongolian patients with diffuse gliomas, especially those with grade II tumors.

Citations

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Targeted next‐generation sequencing of adult gliomas for retrospective prognostic evaluation and up‐front diagnostics
J. K. Petersen, H. B. Boldt, M. D. Sørensen, S. Blach, R. H. Dahlrot, S. Hansen, M. Burton, M. Thomassen, T. Kruse, F. R. Poulsen, L. Andreasen, H. Hager, B. P. Ulhøi, S. Lukacova, G. Reifenberger, B. W. Kristensen
Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology.2021; 47(1): 108. CrossRef

Association between Expression of 8-OHdG and Cigarette Smoking in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Ae Ri An, Kyoung Min Kim, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang, Woo Sung Moon, Myoung Jae Kang, Yong Chul Lee, Jong Hun Kim, Han Jung Chae, Myoung Ja Chung; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(4):217-224. Published online March 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.02.20

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Abstract PDF

Background
Exposure to cigarette smoking (CS) is a major risk factor for the development of lung cancer. CS is known to cause oxidative DNA damage and mutation of tumor-related genes, and these factors are involved in carcinogenesis. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is considered to be a reliable biomarker for oxidative DNA damage. Increased levels of 8-OHdG are associated with a number of pathological conditions, including cancer. There are no reports on the expression of 8-OHdG by immunohistochemistry in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods
We investigated the expression of 8-OHdG and p53 in 203 NSCLC tissues using immunohistochemistry and correlated it with clinicopathological features including smoking.
Results
The expression of 8-OHdG was observed in 83.3% of NSCLC. It was significantly correlated with a low T category, negative lymph node status, never-smoker, and longer overall survival (p < .05) by univariate analysis. But multivariate analysis revealed that 8-OHdG was not an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in NSCLC patients. The aberrant expression of p53 significantly correlated with smoking, male, squamous cell carcinoma, and Ki-67 positivity (p < .05).
Conclusions
The expression of 8-OHdG was associated with good prognostic factors. It was positively correlated with never-smokers in NSCLC, suggesting that oxidative damage of DNA cannot be explained by smoking alone and may depend on complex control mechanisms.

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Guanabenz Acetate Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Related Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells: Hyo Jeong Kang, Hyang Sook Seol, Sang Eun Lee, Young-Ah Suh, Jihun Kim, Se Jin Jang, Eunsil Yu; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(2):94-103. Published online January 16, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2019.01.14

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Development of chemotherapeutics for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been lagging. Screening of candidate therapeutic agents by using patient-derived preclinical models may facilitate drug discovery for HCC patients.
Methods
Four primary cultured HCC cells from surgically resected tumor tissues and six HCC cell lines were used for high-throughput screening of 252 drugs from the Prestwick Chemical Library. The efficacy and mechanisms of action of the candidate anti-cancer drug were analyzed via cell viability, cell cycle assays, and western blotting.
Results
Guanabenz acetate, which has been used as an antihypertensive drug, was screened as a candidate anti-cancer agent for HCC through a drug sensitivity assay by using the primary cultured HCC cells and HCC cell lines. Guanabenz acetate reduced HCC cell viability through apoptosis and autophagy. This occurred via inhibition of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34, increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, increased activating transcription factor 4, and cell cycle arrest.
Conclusions
Guanabenz acetate induces endoplasmic reticulum stress–related cell death in HCC and may be repositioned as an anti-cancer therapeutic agent for HCC patients.

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Case Studies

Adrenal Cortical Neoplasm with Uncertain Malignant Potential Arising in the Heterotopic Adrenal Cortex in the Liver of a Patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: Eun Na Kim, Dong Eun Song, Hee Mang Yoon, Beom Hee Lee, Chong Jai Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2019;53(2):129-135. Published online November 26, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.11.13

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Abstract PDF

Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are predisposed to developing embryonal tumors, with hepatoblastoma being the most common type. Our patient showed hemihypertrophy, macroglossia, and paternal uniparental disomy in chromosome 11 and was diagnosed with BWS. When the patient was 9 months old, a 2.5×1.5 cm oval hypoechoic exophytic mass was detected in the inferior tip of his right liver. Preoperative imaging identified it as hepatoblastoma; however, histologic, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopic findings were compatible with adrenal cortical neoplasm with uncertain malignant potential. The origin of the adrenal tissue seemed to be heterotopic. Here, we describe for the first time an adrenal cortical neoplasm with uncertain malignant potential arising in the heterotopic adrenal cortex located in the liver of a patient with BWS.

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Kanakamani Jeyaraman, Paola Concolino, Henrik Falhammar
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Molecular and Clinical Features of Adrenocortical Tumors in Beckwith–Wiedemann Spectrum
Diana Carli, Federico Rondot, Maria Luca, Anna Campello, Stefano Gabriele Vallero, Elisa Tirtei, Andrea Gazzin, Simona Cardaropoli, Francesca Montanari, Claudio Graziano, Paola Quarello, Abu Saadat, Angela Sparago, Giovanni Battista Ferrero, Franca Fagiol
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Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Catherine G. Lam, Robert E. Ruiz, Gerard P. Zambetti, Raul C. Ribeiro
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

An Intrarenal Adrenocortical Carcinoma Arising in an Adrenal Rest: Ji Hee Lee, Young Deuk Choi, Nam Hoon Cho; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(6):416-419. Published online October 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.07.20

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Abstract PDF

We describe a case of a 61-year-old Korean man who was diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma that was discovered on abdominopelvic computed tomography obtained after the patient complained of back pain. A radical nephrectomy was performed, and the surgical specimen showed a relatively well-circumscribed and yellowish lobulated hard mass. Microscopically, the tumor showed sheets and nests of hypercellular pleomorphic cells with thick fibrous septation, frequent mitoses, and areas of adrenal cortical-like tissue. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor cells were positive for inhibin-α, vimentin, synaptophysin, and melan A. It also revealed that the tumor cells were negative for pan-cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, paired box 8, α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, CD10, cytokeratin 7, carbonic anhydrase 9, c-Kit, renal cell carcinoma, transcription factor E3, human melanoma black 45, desmin, smooth muscle actin, S-100, chromogranin A, CD34, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, and integrase interactor 1. Based on these histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, we diagnosed the tumor as intrarenal adrenocortical carcinoma arising in an adrenal rest. Several cases of intrarenal adrenocortical carcinoma have been reported, although they are very rare. Due to its poor prognosis and common recurrence or metastasis, clinicians and pathologists must be aware of this entity.

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Journal of Medical Case Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors: Current Insights on Prevalence, Characteristics, Origin, and Treatment
Manon Engels, Paul N Span, Antonius E van Herwaarden, Fred C G J Sweep, Nike M M L Stikkelbroeck, Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
Endocrine Reviews.2019; 40(4): 973. CrossRef

Ovarian Gynandroblastoma with a Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor Component in a Postmenopausal Woman: A Case Report and Literature Review: Nu Ri Jang, Dae Hyung Lee, Eun Jung Jang, Young Kyung Bae, Jina Baek, Min Hye Jang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(5):344-348. Published online July 17, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.06.28

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Abstract PDF

Gynandroblastoma is an extremely rare sex cord-stromal tumor with both female (granulosa cell tumor) and male (Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor) elements. Juvenile granulosa cell tumors are also very rare and are so named because they usually occur in children and adolescents. A 71-year-old woman with right upper quadrant abdominal pain visited our hospital. Pelvic computed tomography showed a large multilocular cystic mass, suspected to be of ovarian origin. We performed a total abdominal hysterectomy (total abdominal hysterectomy was performed) with bilateral salpingooophorectomy. A 13-cm multilocular cystic mass with serous fluid was observed in her right ovary. Upon microscopic examination, the solid component of the mass showed both Sertoli-Leydig cell and juvenile granulosa cell differentiation, which we diagnosed as gynandroblastoma. Gynandroblastoma with a juvenile granulosa cell tumor component is extremely rare and, until now, only six cases have been reported in the English literature. We report the first gynandroblastoma with a juvenile granulosa cell tumor component diagnosed in an elderly patient, along with a literature review.

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Ovarian Gynandroblastoma: A Rare Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor with Unique Morphological, Genetic, and Clinical Features—A Series of Two Patients with Clinicopathological and Molecular Analysis, and a Review of the Literature
Elena Lucas, Kyle Molberg, Lesley Conrad, Shuang Niu, Hao Chen
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2026; 34(2): 495. CrossRef
Case of Gynandroblastoma of the Ovary with Raised AFP and Associated DICER 1 Mutation
Dipak Limbachiya, Rajnish Tiwari, Rashmi Kumari, Priti Trivedi
The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India.2025; 75(S1): 549. CrossRef
Ovarian cancer in children and adolescents: A unique clinical challenge
Marina Jakimovska Stefanovska, Aleksandar Čelebić, Jean Calleja-Agius, Kristina Drusany Staric
European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025; 51(4): 108785. CrossRef
Survival outcomes in patients with recurrent mixed sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary
Elio Tahan, Allison L. Brodsky, Naomi R. Gonzales, Alexandra Bercow, Anil K. Sood, Lois M. Ramondetta, David M. Gershenson, R Tyler Hillman
International Journal of Gynecological Cancer.2025; 35(10): 102018. CrossRef
Rapid recurrence of ovarian mixed sex-cord-stromal tumor associated with DICER1 gene mutation: a case analysis and literature review
Fengyi Zhu, Hai Zhou, Weizheng Li
Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2025; 87(9): 6045. CrossRef
Gynandroblastoma With a Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor Component Presenting as Ovarian Torsion in a 14-Year-Old Female Patient
Lisa Su, Jasmine N Jefferson, Leslie Lopez-Calderon
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ovarian Gynandroblastoma with a Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor Component in a Postmenopausal Woman
Soohyun Hwang, Byoung-Gie Kim, Sang Yong Song, Hyun-Soo Kim
Diagnostics.2020; 10(8): 537. CrossRef
Clinical and histological criteria for sex cord ovarian stromal tumors
A. М. Beishembaev, K. I. Zhordania
Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction.2020; 14(3): 261. CrossRef

Recurrent Indeterminate Dendritic Cell Tumor of the Skin: Jin Woo Joo, Taek Chung, Yoon Ah Cho, Sang Kyum Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(4):243-247. Published online April 5, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.03.27

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Abstract PDF

Indeterminate dendritic cell tumor (IDCT) is a dendritic cell tumor that displays histologic features similar to those of Langerhans cells. The origin of the indeterminate cells may represent precursors of Langerhans cells or skin dendritic cells. IDCT is extremely rare, and tumor progression and predictive factors are not well known. Here, we report a case of a 61-year-old man who presented with a papule on his back and was finally diagnosed with IDCT based on histology and immunohistochemistry. The tumor recurred three months after surgical excision.

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Pathologic characteristics of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms
Sun Och Yoon
Blood Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
An unusual cause of erythroderma
Chng Wei Qiang, Benjamin Ho Wen Yang, Wang Shi, Lim Kok Hing, Laura Hui Li Yao
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology.2024; 50(1): 227. CrossRef
Indeterminate cell histiocytosis: A systematic review of the literature with a comprehensive revision of clinical, histopathological, and molecular features
Simone Zanella, Emilio Berti, Arturo Bonometti
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.2023; 37(8): 1559. CrossRef

Original Articles

Protein Phosphatase Magnesium-Dependent 1δ (PPM1D) Expression as a Prognostic Marker in Adult Supratentorial Diffuse Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial Tumors: Hui Jeong Jeong, Chang Gok Woo, Bora Lee, Shin Kwang Khang, Soo Jeong Nam, Jene Choi; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(2):71-78. Published online October 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.10.21

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1δ (PPM1D) is a p53-induced serine/ threonine phosphatase, which is overexpressed in various human cancers. A recent study reported that a mutation in the PPM1D gene is associated with poor prognosis in brainstem gliomas. In this study, we evaluated the utility of PPM1D as a prognostic biomarker of adult supratentorial diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors.
Methods
To investigate PPM1D protein expression, mRNA expression, and copy number changes, immunohistochemistry, RNAscope in situ hybridization, and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed in 84 adult supratentorial diffuse gliomas. We further analyzed clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS) according to PPM1D protein expression, and examined its correlation with other glioma biomarkers such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, and p53 expression.
Results
Forty-six cases (54.8%) were PPM1D-positive. PPM1D expression levels were significantly correlated with PPM1D transcript levels (p= .035), but marginally with PPM1D gene amplification (p=.079). Patients with high-grade gliomas showed a higher frequency of PPM1D expression than those with low-grade gliomas (p <.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that PPM1D expression (hazard ratio [HR], 2.58; p=.032), age over 60 years (HR, 2.55; p=.018), and IDH1 mutation (HR, 0.18; p=.002) were significantly independent prognostic factors; p53 expression had no prognostic significance (p=.986). The patients with tumor expressing PPM1D showed a shorter OS (p=.003). Moreover, patients with tumor harboring wild-type IDH1 and PPM1D expression had the worst OS (p<.001).
Conclusions
Our data suggest that a subset of gliomas express PPM1D; PPM1D expression is a significant marker of poor prognosis in adult supratentorial diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors.

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Characteristic analysis and identification of novel molecular biomarkers in elderly glioblastoma patients using the 2021 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors
Yaning Wang, Junlin Li, Yaning Cao, Wenlin Chen, Hao Xing, Xiaopeng Guo, Yixin Shi, Yuekun Wang, Tingyu Liang, Liguo Ye, Delin Liu, Tianrui Yang, Yu Wang, Wenbin Ma
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Metal-dependent Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PPM family: Evolution, structures, diseases and inhibitors
Rui Kamada, Fuki Kudoh, Shogo Ito, Itsumi Tani, Jose Isagani B. Janairo, James G. Omichinski, Kazuyasu Sakaguchi
Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2020; 215: 107622. CrossRef

Reclassification of Mixed Oligoastrocytic Tumors Using a Genetically Integrated Diagnostic Approach: Seong-Ik Kim, Yujin Lee, Jae-Kyung Won, Chul-Kee Park, Seung Hong Choi, Sung-Hye Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(1):28-36. Published online September 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.09.25

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Abstract PDF

Background
Mixed gliomas, such as oligoastrocytomas (OA), anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, and glioblastomas (GBMs) with an oligodendroglial component (GBMO) are defined as tumors composed of a mixture of two distinct neoplastic cell types, astrocytic and oligodendroglial. Recently, mutations ATRX and TP53, and codeletion of 1p/19q are shown to be genetic hallmarks of astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, respectively. Subsequent molecular analyses of mixed gliomas preferred the reclassification to either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma. This study was designed to apply genetically integrated diagnostic criteria to mixed gliomas and determine usefulness and prognostic value of new classification in Korean patients.
Methods
Fifty-eight cases of mixed OAs and GBMOs were retrieved from the pathology archives of Seoul National University Hospital from 2004 to 2015. Reclassification was performed according to genetic and immunohistochemical properties. Clinicopathological characteristics of each subgroup were evaluated. Overall survival was assessed and compared between subgroups.
Results
We could reclassify all mixed OAs and GBMOs into either astrocytic or oligodendroglial tumors. Notably, 29 GBMOs could be reclassified into 11 cases of GBM, IDH-mutant, 16 cases of GBM, IDH-wildtype, and two cases of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant. Overall survival was significantly different among these new groups (p<.001). Overall survival and progression-free survival were statistically better in gliomas with IDH mutation, ATRX mutation, no microscopic necrosis, and young patient age (cut off, 45 years old).
Conclusions
Our results strongly suggest that a genetically integrated diagnosis of glioma better reflects prognosis than former morphology-based methods.

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SNUH methylation classifier for CNS tumors
Kwanghoon Lee, Jaemin Jeon, Jin Woo Park, Suwan Yu, Jae-Kyung Won, Kwangsoo Kim, Chul-Kee Park, Sung-Hye Park
Clinical Epigenetics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Oligodendrogliomas: findings after classifying the same cohort using pre- and post-World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 criteria
Maria Angeles Vaz-Salgado, Juan M Sepulveda, Julie Earl, Jacqueline Gutierrez, Yolanda Ruano, Hector Pian, Diana Cantero, Aurelio Hernández-Lain
Brain Communications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The prognostic significance of p16 expression pattern in diffuse gliomas
Jin Woo Park, Jeongwan Kang, Ka Young Lim, Hyunhee Kim, Seong-Ik Kim, Jae Kyung Won, Chul-Kee Park, Sung-Hye Park
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2021; 55(2): 102. CrossRef
Dynamic susceptibility contrast and diffusion MR imaging identify oligodendroglioma as defined by the 2016 WHO classification for brain tumors: histogram analysis approach
Anna Latysheva, Kyrre Eeg Emblem, Petter Brandal, Einar Osland Vik-Mo, Jens Pahnke, Kjetil Røysland, John K. Hald, Andrés Server
Neuroradiology.2019; 61(5): 545. CrossRef

Placental Lesions in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Binnari Kim, Soo-young Oh, Jung-Sun Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(5):488-498. Published online August 9, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.07.20

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Abstract PDF

Background
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is defined by respiratory distress requiring supplemental oxygen in a meconium-stained neonate. MAS is clinically subclassified as mild, moderate, and severe according to the oxygen requirement. The aims of this study were to compare the histological findings in the placentas of MAS neonates with those of meconium-stained but non-MAS neonates and to analyze the correlation between the severity of MAS and the grade of its histological parameters. Methods: We collected 160 singleton term placentas from neonates with meconium staining at birth from a tertiary medical center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. We reviewed hematoxylin and eosin sections of tissue samples (full-thickness placental disc, chorioamniotic membranes, and umbilical cord). Results: Funisitis was present more frequently in MAS than in non-MAS (p < .01), of which the stage was correlated with the severity of MAS (p < .001). The histological findings consistent with maternal underperfusion and chronic deciduitis were more frequent in MAS than in non-MAS (p < .05). There was a correlation between the degree of chorionic vascular muscle necrosis and the severity of MAS (p < .05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that fetal inflammatory response evidenced by funisitis occurs prenatally in MAS and that the stage of funisitis and of chorionic vascular muscle necrosis may be a predictive marker of the severity of MAS.

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THE EFFECT OF PRECONCEPTION CARE ON PERINATAL OUTCOMES OF THE MOTHER-PLACENTA-FETUS SYSTEM
Y. Podilyakina, L. Stabayeva, D. Kulov, Ye. Kamyshanskiy, Zh. Amirbekova, R. Stundžienė, O. Zhamantayev, K. Nukeshtaeva
Наука и здравоохранение.2026; (6(27)): 67. CrossRef
Impact of meconium-stained amniotic fluid thickness on maternal infectious morbidity: a comprehensive clinical and microbiological analysis
Raneen Abu Shqara, Lior Lowenstein, Maya Frank Wolf
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2024; 312(1): 59. CrossRef
Machine learning‐based placental clusters and their associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes
Julie M. Petersen, Samantha E. Parker, Kimberly A. Dukes, Jennifer A. Hutcheon, Katherine A. Ahrens, Martha M. Werler
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.2023; 37(4): 350. CrossRef
The risk of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) increases with gestational age at term
Clara Ward, Aaron B. Caughey
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine.2022; 35(1): 155. CrossRef
Protective placental inflammatory and oxidative stress responses are attenuated in the context of twin pregnancy and chorioamnionitis in assisted reproduction
Hayley R. Price, Nick Pang, Hugh Kim, Michael W. H. Coughtrie, Abby C. Collier
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Correlation between Pregnancy Outcome and Placental Pathology in COVID-19 Pregnant Women
Sara A. Al-Rawaf, Enas T. Mousa, Noora M. Kareem, Atif Amin Baig
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Differential impact of antiretroviral therapy initiated before or during pregnancy on placenta pathology in HIV-positive women
Nadia M. Ikumi, Thokozile R. Malaba, Komala Pillay, Marta C. Cohen, Hlengiwe P. Madlala, Mushi Matjila, Dilly Anumba, Landon Myer, Marie-Louise Newell, Clive M. Gray
AIDS.2021; 35(5): 717. CrossRef
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Narrative Review
Chiara Monfredini, Francesco Cavallin, Paolo Ernesto Villani, Giuseppe Paterlini, Benedetta Allais, Daniele Trevisanuto
Children.2021; 8(3): 230. CrossRef
Isolated acute funisitis in the absence of acute chorioamnionitis: What does it mean?
Tracy B. Grossman, Debra S. Heller, Rebecca N. Baergen
Placenta.2019; 75: 42. CrossRef
Influence of foetal inflammation on the development of meconium aspiration syndrome in term neonates with meconium-stained amniotic fluid
Kyoko Yokoi, Osuke Iwata, Satoru Kobayashi, Kanji Muramatsu, Haruo Goto
PeerJ.2019; 7: e7049. CrossRef

Case Studies

A Pyloric Gland-Phenotype Ovarian Mucinous Tumor Resembling Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia in a Patient with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: Eun Na Kim, Gu-Hwan Kim, Jiyoon Kim, In Ah Park, Jin Ho Shin, Yun Chai, Kyu-Rae Kim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(2):159-164. Published online August 22, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.07.01

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Abstract PDF

We describe an ovarian mucinous neoplasm that histologically resembles lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) containing pyloric gland type mucin in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Although ovarian mucinous tumors rarely occur in PJS patients, their pyloric gland phenotype has not been clearly determined. The histopathologic features of the ovarian mucinous tumor were reminiscent of LEGH. The cytoplasmic mucin was stained with periodic acid-Schiff reaction after diastase treatment but was negative for Alcian blue pH 2.5, suggesting the presence of neutral mucin. Immunohistochemically, the epithelium expressed various gastric markers, including MUC6, HIK1083, and carbonic anhydrase-IX. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification detected a germline heterozygous deletion mutation at exons 1–7 of the STK11 gene (c.1-?_920+?del) in peripheral blood leukocytes and mosaic loss of heterozygosity in ovarian tumor tissue. Considering that LEGH and/or gastric-type cervical adenocarcinoma can be found in patients with PJS carrying germline and/or somatic STK11 mutations, our case indicates that STK11 mutations have an important role in the proliferation of pyloric-phenotype mucinous epithelium at various anatomical locations.

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Molecular evidence of a clonal relationship of synchronous/multifocal gastric‐type lesions of the female genital tract
Min Shi, Hong Yang, Fang Zhang, Ting Hou, Huageng Huang, Yi Lu, Yehan Zhou, Ting Lan, Juan Ji, Jun Hou, Chengmin Zhou, Zhou Zhang, Sheng Qin, Zongyao Huang, Yang Liu
The Journal of Pathology.2026; 268(1): 27. CrossRef
Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) associated adnexal tumors: from biology to therapeutic impact
Guanxiang Huang, Wenyu Lin, Tingting Jiang, Yuanjun Cai, Chengbin Lin, Pengming Sun
Human Genomics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel ultrasound features and diagnostic clues of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma: a case series
Liwen Yang, Yangyang Wang, Jian Cai, Ying Xiong, Juan Li, Qi Zhou, Nan Ye, Hua Lai, Tianjiao Liu, Liuying Zhou
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ovarian Mucinous Tumor Presenting Atypical Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia-Like Appearance in a Patient With Germline STK11 p.F354L Variant: A Case Report
Hiroshi Yoshida, Kengo Hiranuma, Mariko Nakahara, Mayumi Kobayashi-Kato, Yasuhito Tanase, Masaya Uno, Kouya Shiraishi, Mitsuya Ishikawa, Tomoyasu Kato
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2024; 32(2): 394. CrossRef
Preoperative multimodal ultrasonic imaging in a case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome complicated by atypical lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia: a case report and literature review
Liwen Yang, Duan Duan, Ying Xiong, Tianjiao Liu, Lijun Zhao, Fan Lai, Dingxian Gu, Liuying Zhou
Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastric‐type glandular lesions of the female genital tract excluding the cervix: emerging pathological entities
Richard W‐C Wong, Karen L Talia, W Glenn McCluggage
Histopathology.2024; 85(1): 20. CrossRef
Gastric-phenotype Mucinous Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube with Secondary Ovarian Involvement in a Woman with Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome: A Case Report
Mónica Bronte Anaut, Javier Arredondo Montero, Maria Pilar Fernández Seara, Rosa Guarch Troyas
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2023; 31(1): 92. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma using next-generation sequencing
Swati Garg, Teddy S. Nagaria, Blaise Clarke, Orit Freedman, Zanobia Khan, Joerg Schwock, Marcus Q. Bernardini, Amit M. Oza, Kathy Han, Adam C. Smith, Tracy L. Stockley, Marjan Rouzbahman
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The developing spectrum of gastric-type cervical glandular lesions
Karen L. Talia, W. Glenn McCluggage
Pathology.2018; 50(2): 122. CrossRef

An Adult Case of Bartter Syndrome Type III Presenting with Proteinuria: Eun Jung Cha, Won Min Hwang, Sung-Ro Yun, Moon Hyang Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(2):160-164. Published online January 11, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.08.31

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Abstract PDF

Bartter syndrome (BS) I–IV is a rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This report highlights clinicopathological findings and genetic studies of classic BS in a 22-year-old female patient who presented with persistent mild proteinuria for 2 years. A renal biopsy demonstrated a mild to moderate increase in the mesangial cells and matrix of most glomeruli, along with marked juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia. These findings suggested BS associated with mild IgA nephropathy. Focal tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration were also observed. A genetic study of the patient and her parents revealed a mutation of the CLCNKB genes. The patient was diagnosed with BS, type III. This case represents an atypical presentation of classic BS in an adult patient. Pathologic findings of renal biopsy combined with genetic analysis and clinicolaboratory findings are important in making an accurate diagnosis.

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Complexities of Bartter Syndrome Type III: A Case Study in Jordan
Hamdah Hanifa, Yumna Al-Badareen, Malak Mbarak Al-Refaai, Nafeaa M Ganama, Mohammad Sameeh Alabrash, Basil Alsaleh
Oxford Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bartter syndrome with multiple renal and liver cysts: a case report
Yemei He, Yue Zhou, Weihua Wu, Yue Chen, Santao Ou
International Urology and Nephrology.2022; 55(1): 225. CrossRef
Bartter’s syndrome: clinical findings, genetic causes and therapeutic approach
Flavia Cristina Carvalho Mrad, Sílvia Bouissou Morais Soares, Luiz Alberto Wanderley de Menezes Silva, Pedro Versiani dos Anjos Menezes, Ana Cristina Simões-e-Silva
World Journal of Pediatrics.2021; 17(1): 31. CrossRef
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Nida Saleem, Humaira Nasir, Danyal Hassan, Momena Manzoor
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Noreen Nasir, Deepali Mohanty, Arun Kumar Pande, Dhanita Khanna, Kavita Vishvakarma, Latika Gupta
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A novel mutation associated with Type�III Bartter syndrome: A report of five cases
Yanhan Li, Chengcheng Wu, Jie Gu, Dong Li, Yanling Yang
Molecular Medicine Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Pathophysiology of antenatal Bartterʼs syndrome
Martin Kömhoff, Kamel Laghmani
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Review

Overview of IgG4-Related Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Its Mimickers: Hyeon Joo Jeong, Su-Jin Shin, Beom Jin Lim; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(1):26-36. Published online December 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.11.09

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Abstract PDF

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is the most common form of renal involvement in IgG4-related disease. It is characterized by a dominant infiltrate of IgG4-positive plasma cells in the interstitium and storiform fibrosis. Demonstration of IgG4-positive plasma cells is essential for diagnosis, but the number of IgG4-positive cells and the ratio of IgG4-positive/IgG-positive plasma cells may vary from case to case and depending on the methods of tissue sampling even in the same case. IgG4-positive plasma cells can be seen in TIN associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, or anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis, which further add diagnostic confusion and difficulties. To have a more clear view of IgG4-TIN and to delineate differential points from other TIN with IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrates, clinical and histological features of IgG4-TIN and its mimickers were reviewed. In the rear part, cases suggesting overlap of IgG4-TIN and its mimickers and glomerulonephritis associated with IgG4-TIN were briefly described.

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Yingying Ling, Fei Cai, Tao Su, Yi Zhong, Ling Li, Bo Meng, Guisen Li, Meng Gong, Hao Yang, Xinfang Xie, Zhenyu Sun, Yang Zhao, Fang Liu, Yong Zhang
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Sarwat I. Gilani, Alessia Buglioni, Lynn D. Cornell
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Christina Thompson, Frank O. Henes, Oliver M. Steinmetz, Simon Melderis
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Jianan Feng, Jinyu Yu, Xueyao Wang, Yue Wang, Yang Liu, Zhonggao Xu, Weixia Sun
Medicine.2020; 99(5): e18857. CrossRef
A case of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis as a mimicker of IgG4-related disease
Ryuichiro Kanda, Satoshi Kubo, Kazuhisa Nakano, Akio Kawabe, Aya Nawata, Kentaro Hanami, Shingo Nakayamada, Yoshiya Tanaka
Modern Rheumatology Case Reports.2020; 4(2): 278. CrossRef
Renal tubular acidosis as the initial presentation of Sjögren’s syndrome
Karen Ho, Pouneh Dokouhaki, Mark McIsaac, Bhanu Prasad
BMJ Case Reports.2019; 12(8): e230402. CrossRef
Hypocomplementemic interstitial nephritis with long-term follow-up
Alyssa Penning, Claire Kassakian, Donald C Houghton, Nicole K Andeen
Journal of Clinical Nephrology.2019; 3(1): 042. CrossRef
Immunoglobulin G4-related kidney diseases: An updated review
Maurizio Salvadori, Aris Tsalouchos
World Journal of Nephrology.2018; 7(1): 29. CrossRef
Systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with an organic lesion of the central nervous system: practicaldifferential diagnosis
E. V. Lebedeva, M. V. Novoseltsev, A. N. Lvov, I. V. Khamaganova
Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya.2018; 17(6): 21. CrossRef
Concurrent IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis and IgG4 myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive crescentic glomerulonephritis
Tao Su, Li Yang, Zhao Cui, Su-xia Wang, Ming-hui Zhao
Medicine.2017; 96(20): e6707. CrossRef
IgG4-Related Kidney Disease: Report of a Case Presenting as a Renal Mass
Daniele Bianchi, Luca Topazio, Gabriele Gaziev, Valerio Iacovelli, Pierluigi Bove, Alessandro Mauriello, Enrico Finazzi Agrò
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Original Articles

IDH Mutation Analysis in Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors: Ki Yong Na, Byeong-Joo Noh, Ji-Youn Sung, Youn Wha Kim, Eduardo Santini Araujo, Yong-Koo Park; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(3):257-261. Published online May 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.04.14

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Abstract PDF

Background
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) with production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Dysfunctional IDH leads to reduced production of α-KG and NADH and increased production of 2-hydroxyglutarate, an oncometabolite. This results in increased oxidative damage and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor α, causing cells to be prone to tumorigenesis. Methods: This study investigated IDH mutations in 61 Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFTs), using a pentose nucleic acid clamping method and direct sequencing. Results: We identified four cases of ESFTs harboring IDH mutations. The number of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations was equal and the subtype of IDH mutations was variable. Clinicopathologic analysis according to IDH mutation status did not reveal significant results. Conclusions: This study is the first to report IDH mutations in ESFTs. The results indicate that ESFTs can harbor IDH mutations in previously known hot-spot regions, although their incidence is rare. Further validation with a larger case-based study would establish more reliable and significant data on prevalence rate and the biological significance of IDH mutations in ESFTs.

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Proposal of an Appropriate Decalcification Method of Bone Marrow Biopsy Specimens in the Era of Expanding Genetic Molecular Study: Sung-Eun Choi, Soon Won Hong, Sun Och Yoon; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(3):236-242. Published online May 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.03.16

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Background
The conventional method for decalcification of bone specimens uses hydrochloric acid (HCl) and is notorious for damaging cellular RNA, DNA, and proteins, thus complicating molecular and immunohistochemical analyses. A method that can effectively decalcify while preserving genetic material is necessary. Methods: Pairs of bilateral bone marrow biopsies sampled from 53 patients were decalcified according to protocols of two comparison groups: EDTA versus HCl and RDO GOLD (RDO) versus HCl. Pairs of right and left bone marrow biopsy samples harvested from 28 cases were allocated into the EDTA versus HCl comparison group, and 25 cases to the RDO versus HCl comparison group. The decalcification protocols were compared with regards to histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis. For molecular analysis, we randomly selected 5 cases from the EDTA versus HCl and RDO versus HCl groups. Results: The decalcification time for appropriate histomorphologic analysis was the longest in the EDTA method and the shortest in the RDO method. EDTA was superior to RDO or HCl in DNA yield and integrity, assessed via DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and silver in situ hybridization using DNA probes. The EDTA method maintained intact nuclear protein staining on immunohistochemistry, while the HCl method produced poor quality images. Staining after the RDO method had equivocal results. RNA in situ hybridization using kappa and lambda RNA probes measured RNA integrity; the EDTA and RDO method had the best quality, followed by HCl. Conclusions: The EDTA protocol would be the best in preserving genetic material. RDO may be an acceptable alternative when rapid decalcification is necessary.

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Brief Case Report

Primary Leiomyosarcoma of Adrenal Gland with Tissue Eosinophilic Infiltration: Seungkoo Lee, Gail Domecq C. Tanawit, Rolando A. Lopez, Jaime T. Zamuco, Betsy Grace G. Cheng, Menandro V. Siozon; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(6):423-425. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.6.423

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Case Study

Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma of the Inflammatory Pseudotumor-like Variant Presenting as a Colonic Polyp: Shien-Tung Pan, Chih-Yuan Cheng, Nie-Sue Lee, Peir-In Liang, Shih-Sung Chuang; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(2):140-145. Published online April 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.2.140

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Abstract PDF

Follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma is rare and is classified either as conventional type or inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT)-like variant. Extranodal presentation is uncommon and nearly all gastrointestinal FDC tumors are of the conventional type. IPT-like variant tumors occur almost exclusively in the liver and spleen and are consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Here we report the case of a 78-year-old woman with an IPT-like FDC sarcoma presenting as a pedunculated colonic polyp. Histologically, scanty atypical ovoid to spindle cells were mixed with a background of florid lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, which led to an initial misdiagnosis of pseudolymphoma. These atypical cells expressed CD21, CD23, CD35, and D2-40, and were positive for EBV by in situ hybridization, confirming the diagnosis. The patient was free of disease five months after polypectomy without adjuvant therapy. Although extremely rare, the differential diagnosis for colonic polyp should include FDC sarcoma to avoid an erroneous diagnosis. A review of the 24 cases of IPT-like FDC sarcoma reported in the literature reveal that this tumor occurs predominantly in females with a predilection for liver and spleen, and has a strong association with EBV.

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Original Articles

Morphologic Alteration of Metastatic Neuroblastic Tumor in Bone Marrow after Chemotherapy: Go Eun Bae, Yeon-Lim Suh, Ki Woong Sung, Jung-Sun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2013;47(5):433-442. Published online October 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.5.433

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Abstract PDF

Background

The aim of this study is to evaluate the histologic features of metastatic neuroblastic tumors (NTs) in bone marrow (BM) before and after chemotherapy in comparison with those of primary NTs.

Methods

A total of 294 biopsies from 48 children diagnosed with NTs with BM metastasis were examined. There were 48 primary neoplasm biopsies, 48 BM biopsies before chemotherapy, 36 primary neoplasm excisional biopsies after chemotherapy, and 162 BM biopsies after chemotherapy.

Results

Metastatic NTs in BM before chemotherapy were composed of undifferentiated and/or differentiating neuroblasts, but had neither ganglion cells nor Schwannian stroma. Metastatic foci of BM after chemotherapy were found to have differentiated into ganglion cells or Schwannian stroma, which became more prominent after further cycles of chemotherapy. Persistence of NTs or tumor cell types in BM after treatment did not show statistically significant correlation to patients' outcome. However, three out of five patients who newly developed poorly differentiated neuroblasts in BM after treatment expired due to disease progression.

Conclusions

Metastatic NTs in BM initially consist of undifferentiated or differentiating neuroblasts regardless of the primary tumor subtype, and become differentiated after chemotherapy. Newly appearing poorly differentiated neuroblasts after treatment might be an indicator for poor prognosis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Postchemotherapy gross residual tumor in non‐high‐risk neuroblastoma: Clinical significance and the role of adjuvant therapy
Eun Seop Seo, Hana Lim, Hee Won Cho, Hee Young Ju, Ji Won Lee, Keon Hee Yoo, Sanghoon Lee, Do Hoon Lim, Ki Woong Sung, Hong Hoe Koo
Pediatric Blood & Cancer.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Prognostic Relevance of the Expression of CA IX, GLUT-1, and VEGF in Ovarian Epithelial Cancers: Kyungbin Kim, Won Young Park, Jee Yeon Kim, Mee Young Sol, Dong Hun Shin, Do Youn Park, Chang Hun Lee, Jeong Hee Lee, Kyung Un Choi; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):532-540. Published online December 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.532

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Abstract PDF

Background

Tumor hypoxia is associated with malignant progression and treatment resistance. Hypoxia-related factors, such as carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) permit tumor cell adaptation to hypoxia. We attempted to elucidate the correlation of these markers with variable clinicopathological factors and overall prognosis.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry for CA IX, GLUT-1, and VEGF was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 125 cases of ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC).

Results

CA IX expression was significantly associated with an endometrioid and mucinous histology, nuclear grade, tumor necrosis, and mitosis. GLUT-1 expression was associated with tumor necrosis and mitosis. VEGF expression was correlated only with disease recurrence. Expression of each marker was not significant in terms of overall survival in OECs; however, there was a significant correlation between poor overall survival rate and high coexpression of these markers.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that it is questionable whether CA IX, GLUT-1, or VEGF can be used alone as independent prognostic factors in OECs. Using at least two markers helps to predict patient outcomes in total OECs. Moreover, the inhibition of two target gene combinations might prove to be a novel anticancer therapy.

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Role of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression in Triple-negative Breast Cancer
Hemali B Kotadiya, Nupur A Patel, Hemangini H Vora
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Abeer F. Mostafa, Shereen M. Samir, R.M. Nagib
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Jennifer X Ji, Yi Kan Wang, Dawn R Cochrane, David G Huntsman
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Prognostic Significance of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Simon J. A. van Kuijk, Ala Yaromina, Ruud Houben, Raymon Niemans, Philippe Lambin, Ludwig J. Dubois
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Jihye Kim, Jeong Hwan Park, Keun Ho Kim
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JEUNG IL KIM, KYUNG UN CHOI, IN SOOK LEE, YOUNG JIN CHOI, WON TACK KIM, DONG HOON SHIN, KYUNGBIN KIM, JEONG HEE LEE, JEE YEON KIM, MEE YOUNG SOL
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Amanda F. Baker, Scott W. Malm, Ritu Pandey, Cindy Laughren, Haiyan Cui, Denise Roe, Setsuko K. Chambers
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MICHAL PASTOREK, VERONIKA SIMKO, MARTINA TAKACOVA, MONIKA BARATHOVA, MARIA BARTOSOVA, LUBA HUNAKOVA, OLGA SEDLAKOVA, SONA HUDECOVA, OLGA KRIZANOVA, FRANCK DEQUIEDT, SILVIA PASTOREKOVA, JAN SEDLAK
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Overexpression of Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) Predicts Poor Prognosis in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Hanbyoul Cho, You Sun Lee, Julie Kim, Joon-Yong Chung, Jae-Hoon Kim
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Case Reports

Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma in the Axillary Region: Reports of Two Cases: Chang-Young Seo, Sung-Taek Jung, Jae-Wook Byun; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(5):483-488. Published online October 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.5.483

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Abstract PDF

Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcomas (EMCs) are relatively uncommon, and a location in the upper extremity, especially in the shoulder or axillary region, is rare. Furthermore, the radiographic findings of EMCs do not show any features that distinguish them from other neoplasms, and therefore, definitive diagnoses are made based on histological features. EMC is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis, and requires wide surgical excision. However, its treatment may involve peculiarities such as a difficulty in obtaining a proper surgical margin in the axillary region or shoulder. In this report, the authors present two rare cases of EMCs in the axillary region.

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Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma of the Arm: A Rare Case Report with a Review of Literature
Anubhuti Chaturvedi, Nimisha Dhankar, Swapnil Suman, Nita Khurana, Chandra Bhushan Singh, Sapna Singh
Journal of Bone and Joint Diseases.2025; 40(3): 170. CrossRef
Complete surgical excision of a high‐grade extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, resulting in a longer survival than previously reported
Hannah Reeves, Tesh Smalle
Veterinary Record Case Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Locally recurrent extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the shoulder: a case of complete neoadjuvant radiotherapy response
Luca Improta, Sergio Valeri, Rossana Alloni, Chiara Pagnoni, Francesco Mallozzi Santa Maria, Beniamino Brunetti, Carlo Greco, Irene Aprile, Mirella Maselli, Bruno Vincenzi, Alessandro Gronchi
Clinical Sarcoma Research.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary extraskeletal chondrosarcoma in the axillary region of a dog with review of the literature
Catrina Pennington, Josep Monne Rodriguez, Marlene Finck, Ben Walton
Veterinary Record Case Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma of Bone and Soft Tissue: A Systematic Review of 107 Patients in the Past 20 Years
Jie Xu, Dasen Li, Lu Xie, Shun Tang, Wei Guo, David M Loeb
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(4): e0122216. CrossRef
Management of renal extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Vitalie Gherman, Ciprian Tomuleasa, Catalina Bungardean, Nicolae Crisan, Victor-Dan Ona, Bogdan Feciche, Alexandru Irimie, Ioan Coman
BMC Surgery.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

Extranodal Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma with Rapid Growth in Parapharynx: A Case Report: Jung-Soo Pyo, Guhyun Kang, Sung-Im Do, Seoung Wan Chae, Kyungeun Kim, Sang Hyuk Lee, Yoon-La Choi, Joon Hyuk Choi, Jin Hee Sohn, Dong-Hoon Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(3):306-310. Published online June 22, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.3.306

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Abstract PDF

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare malignancy arising from the antigen-presenting cells in the lymph node and extranodal tissue. We describe a 31-year-old male patient who presented with a swelling of the left parapharynx. The radiologic findings showed a 4.7×4.5×1.9 cm-sized, ill-defined mass in the left parapharyngeal space. A fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed and it showed scattered, irregular, cohesive clusters of tumor cells with a spindle-to-ovoid shape with irregular contours in a background of lymphocytes. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasm was made. The surgically resected tumor was composed of elongated, ovoid or polygonal cells showing positive immunohistochemistry for CD21, CD23, and CD35. Postoperatively, the residual tumor was observed to undergo a rapidly growth. There is an overlap in the cytologic and histologic findings between FDCS of the parapharynx and other tumors. Pathologists should therefore be aware of its characteristics not only to provide an accurate diagnosis but also to recommend the appropriate clinical management.

Citations

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Extranodal Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma of the Head and Neck Region: A Clinicopathological Study of 7 Cases
Nasir Ud Din, Zubair Ahmad, Shabina Rahim, Karen Fritchie, Muhammad Usman Tariq, Arsalan Ahmed
International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2023; 31(6): 1067. CrossRef
Cytomorphology of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: a report of 7 cases with an emphasis on the diagnostic challenges
Cody Weimholt, Jalal B. Jalaly, Cedric Bailey
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Follicular dendritic cells
Seham A. Abd El‐Aleem, Entesar Ali Saber, Neven M. Aziz, Hani El‐Sherif, Asmaa M. Abdelraof, Laiche Djouhri
Journal of Cellular Physiology.2022; 237(4): 2019. CrossRef
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Xing Zhao, Dayong Sun, Gang Zhang
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Cytological diagnosis of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A case report and review of literature
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RUI-FEN WANG, WEI HAN, LEI QI, LI-HUI SHAN, ZHENG-CAI WANG, LI-FENG WANG
Oncology Letters.2015; 9(1): 391. CrossRef
Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma of Parapharyngeal Space: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Turki Al-Hussain, Muhammad Saleem, Suresh Babu Velagapudi, Mohammad Anas Dababo
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Clinical and pathological features of head and neck follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Ji Li, Min-Li Zhou, Shui-Hong Zhou
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Ectomesenchymal Chondromyxoid Tumor in the Anterior Tongue: Case Report of a Unique Tumor: Min Gyoung Pak, Kyung Bin Kim, Nari Shin, Woo Kyung Kim, Dong Hoon Shin, Kyung Un Choi, Mee Young Sol; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(2):192-196. Published online April 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.192

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Abstract PDF

Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor (ECMT) is a rare tumor, exclusively arising in the anterior tongue. Thirty-eight cases have been reported in the English literature. It usually presents as a sessile protrusion and shows round to spindle cells embedded in myxoid to chondroid stroma. Tumor cells are almost always positive for polyclonal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). We report our experience in the recent treatment of a case of ECMT, the third case in 3 years. The mass in the anterior tongue revealed characteristic morphologic features of ECMT and the expression of polyclonal GFAP. Although ECMT should be differentiated from other mesenchymal tumors including myoepithelioma, its clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical features enable its diagnosis, especially when pathologists are aware of it.

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A case of ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor on the lateral border of the tongue
Kohei KAWAMURA, Takayuki KURIMOTO, Yukihiro OHTA, Takuji YASUDA, Kanemitsu SHIRASUNA, Hideo YOSHIOKA
Japanese Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2025; 71(8): 354. CrossRef
Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor of the oral cavity: a report of 5 new cases with comprehensive review of the literature and clinicohistopathologic features
Molly Housley Smith, Jack Moynihan
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology.2023; 135(3): 410. CrossRef
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Sumaiya Nezam, Roquaiya Nishat, Shabab Ahmed Khan, Jeevendra Nath Shukla
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Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor: a comprehensive updated review of the literature and case report
Astrid Truschnegg, Stephan Acham, Lumnije Kqiku, Norbert Jakse, Alfred Beham
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Clinical features of ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumors: A systematic review of the literature
Masanari G. Kato, Evren Erkul, Kendall S. Brewer, Emily E. Harruff, Shaun A. Nguyen, Terry A. Day
Oral Oncology.2017; 67: 192. CrossRef
Cyclin D1 Expression in Ectomesenchymal Chondromyxoid Tumor of the Anterior Tongue
Jan Laco, Radovan Mottl, Walter Höbling, Stephan Ihrler, Petr Grossmann, Alena Skalova, Ales Ryska
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Bruna Jalfim Maraschin, Ana Carolina Amorim Pellicioli, Lélia Batista de Souza, Pantelis Varvaki Rados, Marco Antonio Trevizani Martins, Manoela Domingues Martins
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Original Articles

Significance of Electron Dense Deposits in Patients with Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome: Sae Yoon Kim, Sang Su Lee, Myoung Uk Kim, Jae Min Lee, Seok Jeong Kang, Yong Jin Kim, Yong Hoon Park; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(2):137-141. Published online April 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.2.137

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Abstract PDF: Background
Minimal change nephritic syndrome (MCNS) is characterized by a lack of obvious abnormalities on light microscopy, but its electron microscopic findings include the negative immunofluorescence findings and the diffuse effacement of the epithelial cell foot processes. Rarely the presence of electron dense deposits (EDDs) has been reported, but its clinical significance remains obscure.
Methods
Eleven patients with MCNS who had the EDD deposited were enrolled in the current study. We compared the clinical characteristics, laboratory results and response to steroid treatment between the two group: the EDD group (n=11; the male-to-female ratio, 8:3) and the non-EDD group (n=13, 8:5).
Results
There were no significant differences in most of the laboratory results or response to steroid treatment between the two groups. The frequency of relapses per year was significantly higher in the EDD group (1.1±0.7 times vs. 0.5±0.6 times; p=0.023). These EDDs were found in the mesangium or paramesangium. With no respect to the characteristics of EDDs, our results showed that they did not cause poor treatment outcomes except for the annual frequency of relapse.
Conclusions
Further large-scale studies are warrented to determine the immunologic and prognostic significance of EDDs in patients with MCNS.

Chemotherapy-Associated Hepatopathy in Korean Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis Patients: Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy and Sinusoidal Injury: Soo Jeong Nam, Jai Young Cho, Hye Seung Lee, Gheeyoung Choe, Ja June Jang, Yoo-Seok Yoon, Ho-Seong Han, Haeryoung Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(1):22-29. Published online February 23, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.1.22

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Abstract PDF

Background

Although chemotherapy-related hepatic injury has been reported in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) patients, the morphologic changes caused by chemotherapeutic agents and the effect of chemotherapy on postoperative outcome remain ill-defined. A comprehensive review of the morphologic changes in the post-chemotherapy non-neoplastic liver was performed and the clinical effect of preoperative chemotherapy in CRLM patients was analyzed.

Methods

Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome and reticulin-stained slides from non-neoplastic livers obtained from 89 CRLM patients were analyzed, and the clinicopathologic features were correlated with the status of chemotherapy exposure.

Results

Histopathologic features of sinusoidal injury (sinusoidal dilatation, centrilobular perivenular fibrosis, parenchymal extinction lesions, small vessel obliteration, and hepatocyte plate disruption) were significantly more frequent in oxaliplatin-exposed livers (p<0.05). The extent of sinusoidal dilatation was positively correlated with increasing numbers of chemotherapy cycles (p=0.022). Abnormal preoperative liver function tests were more frequently seen (p<0.05) and postoperative total bilirubin was higher in the chemotherapy group (p=0.008). Postoperative morbidity was more common in the chemotherapy group (p=0.044).

Conclusions

Sinusoidal injury is frequently seen in oxaliplatin-treated livers, and its presence, especially when extensive, should be documented in surgical pathology practice. The recognition of sinusoidal injury may provide helpful guidelines for surgeons in deciding the extent of hepatic resection.

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Chen Zhu, Xiuhua Ren, Dong Liu, Chengliang Zhang
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D.T. Doherty, P.O. Coe, L. Rimmer, S. Lapsia, A. Krige, D.A. Subar
Surgical Oncology.2019; 30: 147. CrossRef
Protective effect of Korean red ginseng on oxaliplatin-mediated splenomegaly in colon cancer
Jeonghyun Kang, Joon Seong Park, Sung Gwe Ahn, Jin Hong Lim, Seung Hyuk Baik, Dong Sup Yoon, Kang Young Lee, Joon Jeong
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2018; 95(3): 161. CrossRef
Use of Imaging to Predict Complete Response of Colorectal Liver Metastases after Chemotherapy: MR Imaging versus CT Imaging
Min Jung Park, Nurhee Hong, Kyunghwa Han, Min Ju Kim, Yoon Jin Lee, Yang Shin Park, Sung Eun Rha, Sumi Park, Won Jae Lee, Seong Ho Park, Chang Hee Lee, Chung Mo Nam, Chansik An, Hye Jin Kim, Honsoul Kim, Mi-Suk Park
Radiology.2017; 284(2): 423. CrossRef
Systematic review of the influence of chemotherapy-associated liver injury on outcome after partial hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases
J Zhao, K M C van Mierlo, J Gómez-Ramírez, H Kim, C H C Pilgrim, P Pessaux, S S Rensen, E P van der Stok, F G Schaap, O Soubrane, T Takamoto, L Viganò, B Winkens, C H C Dejong, S W M Olde Damink, I García Sanz, E Martín Pérez, J Y Cho, Y R Choi, W Phillip
British Journal of Surgery.2017; 104(8): 990. CrossRef
Hepatic Lesions that Mimic Metastasis on Radiological Imaging during Chemotherapy for Gastrointestinal Malignancy: Recent Updates
Sung-Hye You, Beom Jin Park, Yeul Hong Kim
Korean Journal of Radiology.2017; 18(3): 413. CrossRef
Changes in Noninvasive Liver Fibrosis Indices and Spleen Size During Chemotherapy
Sehhoon Park, Hwi Young Kim, Haeryoung Kim, Jin Hyun Park, Jung Ho Kim, Ki Hwan Kim, Won Kim, In Sil Choi, Yong Jin Jung, Jin-Soo Kim
Medicine.2016; 95(2): e2454. CrossRef
Genetic predisposition resulting in sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in a patient with resected sigmoid cancer on adjuvant oxaliplatin
Si Xuan Koo, Sock Hoai Chan, Joanne Ngeow
BMJ Case Reports.2016; 2016: bcr2015212978. CrossRef
Hepar lobatum carcinomatosum associated with liver metastases from breast cancer: Report of five cases
N. Alberti, D. Bechade, F. Dupuis, A. Crombe, A. Neuville, M. Debled, J. Palussiere, X. Buy, J.-T. Perez, M. Desjardin, N. Frulio, M. Kind
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging.2015; 96(1): 73. CrossRef
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy
An Na Seo, Haeryoung Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2014; 20(1): 81. CrossRef
Chemotherapy-induced Focal Hepatopathy in Patients with Gastrointestinal Malignancy: Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced and Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging with Clinical-Pathologic Correlation
Na Yeon Han, Beom Jin Park, Deuk Jae Sung, Min Ju Kim, Sung Bum Cho, Chang Hee Lee, Yun-Jin Jang, So Yeon Kim, Dong Sik Kim, Soon Ho Um, Nam Hee Won, Kyung Sook Yang
Radiology.2014; 271(2): 416. CrossRef
Histopathologic Manifestations of Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity
Xuchen Zhang, Jie Ouyang, Swan N. Thung
Clinics in Liver Disease.2013; 17(4): 547. CrossRef

Case Reports

Mature Teratoma in the Adrenal Gland.: Eun Jung Cha; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45:S98-S100.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.S1.S98

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Abstract PDF: A teratoma is a germ-cell tumor composed of tissue components representing derivatives of three germ layers. A teratoma in the region of adrenal gland is a rare retroperitoneal tumor. We now report a case of a primary adrenal teratoma. A 38-year-old woman presented with an incidentally detected adrenal mass. The computed tomography scan revealed a 9x8x7.5 cm fat density mass with calcification in the left adrenal gland. The surgically resected tumor was round and well circumscribed and the adrenal gland was present at the periphery of the tumor. The cut surface contained fat tissue and a hair containing cyst. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of adipose tissue, hair, skin appendage, nerve, muscle bundle and bone.

The Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome in Fetal Autopsy: A Case Report.: Sun Ju Byeon, Jae Kyung Myung, Sung Hye Park; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45:S15-S19.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.S1.S15

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Abstract PDF

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a malformation associated with a hemizygous deletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 4. Herein we report a fetal autopsy case of WHS. A male fetus was therapeutically aborted at 17(+0) weeks gestational age, due to complex anomaly and intrauterine growth retardation, which were found in prenatal ultrasonography. His birth weight was 65 g. Mild craniofacial dysmorphism, club feet, bilateral renal hypoplasia, edematous neck, and left diaphragmatic hernia of Bochdalek were found on gross examination. On GTG-banding, the fetus revealed 46,XY,add(4p) karyotype and the mother revealed 46,XX,t(4;18)(p16;q21.1), with normal karyotype of the father. Array comparative genomic hybridization performed on the autopsied lung tissue revealed loss of 4p16.2-->4pter and gain of 18q21.1-->18qter, suggesting 46,XY,der(4)t(4;18)(p16.2;q21.1)mat of fetal karyotype. This suggested deletion of 4p, compatible with WHS inherited from the mal-segregation of a maternal translocation t(4;18)(p16.2;21.1). Therefore, our fetus was both genotypically and phenotypically compatible with WHS.

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A Case of Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome with Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia Presenting with Status Epilepticus
Bong Sul Suh, Keun Hyeok Ko, Kon Hee Lee, Tae-Jung Sung
Neonatal Medicine.2015; 22(4): 233. CrossRef
Rhabdoid glioblastoma is distinguishable from classical glioblastoma by cytogenetics and molecular genetics
Sun-Ju Byeon, Hwa Jin Cho, Hae Woon Baek, Chul-Kee Park, Seung-Hong Choi, Se-Hoon Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Sung-Hye Park
Human Pathology.2014; 45(3): 611. CrossRef

Dedifferentiated Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma of the Masticator Space: A Case Report.: Geunyoung Jung, Kyung Ja Cho, Seung Ho Choi, Mi Jung Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45:S101-S105.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.S1.S101

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Abstract PDF

We describe a 69-year-old woman who presented with a dedifferentiated extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma arising in the left masticator space. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 5 cm sized mass in the left masticator space. Histologically, the tumor consisted of two distinct areas. The less cellular area was a low-grade extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, composed of strands or cords of uniform spindle cells and abundant myxoid stroma. The more cellular, dedifferentiated area corresponded to a high grade myxofibrosarcoma, consisting of anaplastic tumor cells in myxoid stroma and geographic necrosis. The tumor cells of the former area were positive for S-100 protein, microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and class III beta-tubulin, but negative for cytokeratin, smooth muscle actin, and desmin. The tumor cells in the latter, pleomorphic area showed MAP-2 and beta-tubulin immunoreactivity with a high Ki-67 labeling index. Based on its histologic and immunohistochemical features, the tumor was considered a dedifferentiated extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.

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Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the parotid gland
NyimiBushabu Fidele, Wu Tianfu, Bing Liu, Yanfang Sun, Zhao Yifang
Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery.2019; 9(2): 439. CrossRef
Myxoid chondrosarcoma of maxilla: A rare case report
Hiralal Ash, Ajoy Kumar Shahi, Kabita Chatterjee, Dipankar Samaddar
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology.2016; 28(3): 273. CrossRef
Maxillo-facial Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma: A Case Report and Discussion
Ratnadeep Ganguly, Abhishek Mukherjee
The Korean Journal of Pathology.2011; 45(6): 639. CrossRef

Maxillo-facial Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma: A Case Report and Discussion.: Ratnadeep Ganguly, Abhishek Mukherjee; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):639-643.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.639

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Abstract PDF

In this report, we share our experience of a case of maxillo-facial extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, a very rare location for this neoplasm. In addition, a literature review is provided. The patient, a 61-year-old male, had a maxillary mass encroaching on the nasal cavity. After debulking, the tumor recurred, attaining its pre-surgical proportion in two months. The patient improved clinically with radiation and remained stable for about one year. However, he ultimately developed metastases in his lung which were treated with palliative chemotherapy with a good outcome lasting three months. We could find only eight reported cases of this tumor in the head region of which two are in the maxilla; hence, ruling out other primary sites is mandatory for a patient presenting with a primary head and neck mass. Surgical removal may be complicated because of the location. A combination of surgery and radiation is the management of choice, with palliative chemotherapy in metastasis.

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Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma of Floor of Mouth—A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature
Surendra K Dabas, Nandini N Menon, Reetesh Ranjan, Bikas Gurung, Sukirti Tiwari, Bharat Bhushan Bassan, Himanshu Shukla, Sunil Pasricha, Ajit Sinha, Rahul Kapoor, Vinay Kumar Verma, Devesh Verma, Saurabh Arora, Ashwani Sharma, Sourabh Mukharjee, Rishu Sin
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2024; 76(1): 1290. CrossRef
Intracranial Metastasis of Extracranial Chondrosarcoma: Systematic Review With Illustrative Case
Charles E. Mackel, Harry Rosenberg, Hemant Varma, Erik J. Uhlmann, Rafael A. Vega, Ron L. Alterman
Brain Tumor Research and Treatment.2023; 11(2): 103. CrossRef

Chondroblastoma of the Lumbar Spine: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.: Sun A Kim, Kyung Ja Cho, Yong Koo Park, Jong Seok Lee, Heon Ju Kwon, Hyewon Chung, Mi Jung Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(5):532-536.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.5.532

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Abstract PDF

We report a case of chondroblastoma arising in the lumbar spine in a 25-year-old man who presented with low back pain of 5 years duration. Plain radiography and computed tomography revealed a well-defined osteolytic mass surrounded by marginal sclerosis in the third lumbar vertebra. The mass encroached on the left neural foramen on magnetic resonance imaging. Histologically, the tumor consisted of round to oval cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and randomly scattered osteoclastic type giant cells. There were characteristic chicken-wire calcification and aneurysmal bone cyst-like changes. Chondroblastomas of the lumbar spine are extremely rare, and only nine cases have been reported. Spinal chondroblastoma should be distinguished from other benign bone tumors, because it tends to show aggressive biological behavior with high recurrence and mortality rates.

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Unveiling Primary Bone Tumors of the Spine: A Review of Essential Imaging Clues
Noah Tregobov, Michal Krolikowski, Ryan Dragoman, Benjamin Brakel, Peter L. Munk, Manraj K. S. Heran
Diagnostics.2025; 15(23): 2970. CrossRef
Chondroblastoma of Thoracic Vertebrae: a Case Report and Review of the Literature
Alireza Tabibkhooei, Parisa Javadnia
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024; 15(S1): 22. CrossRef
Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors in axial chondroblastomas: a retrospective analysis of 61 cases and comparison with extra-axial chondroblastomas
Bo-Wen Zheng, Bo-Yv Zheng, Hua-Qing Niu, Ming-Xiang Zou, Hai-Lin Wu, Ming Wang, Xue-Lin Li
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Commentary on Letter to the Editor concerning “Management of cranial chondroblastoma in adults; a pooled analysis” by Amr Muhammed et al.
Amr Muhammed
American Journal of Otolaryngology.2021; 42(1): 102749. CrossRef
Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Chondroblastoma and Their Association with Response to Adjuvant Radiotherapy
Bo-Wen Zheng, Min-Liang Yang, Wei Huang, Bo-Yv Zheng, Tao-Lan Zhang, Jing Li, Guo-Hua Lv, Yi-Guo Yan, Ming-Xiang Zou
Journal of Inflammation Research.2021; Volume 14: 1991. CrossRef
Sacral chondroblastoma — a rare location, a rare pathology: A case report and review of literature
Bo-Wen Zheng, Hua-Qing Niu, Xiao-Bin Wang, Jing Li
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2021; 9(20): 5709. CrossRef
Intraoperative crush smear cytology of vertebral chondroblastoma: A diagnostic challenge
Shilpa P. Tathe, Sanjay N. Parate, Kirti N. Jaiswal, Archana A. Randale
Diagnostic Cytopathology.2018; 46(1): 79. CrossRef
Clinical features, treatments and long-term follow-up outcomes of spinal chondroblastoma: report of 13 clinical cases in a single center
Qi Jia, Chao Liu, Jian Yang, Yong Ji, Haifeng Wei, Tielong Liu, Xinghai Yang, Cheng Yang, Jianru Xiao
Journal of Neuro-Oncology.2018; 140(1): 99. CrossRef
Chondroblastoma of the thoracic spine: a rare location. Case report with radiologic-pathologic correlation
A. Venkatasamy, M. P. Chenard, G. Massard, J.-P. Steib, G. Bierry
Skeletal Radiology.2017; 46(3): 367. CrossRef

Sporadic Cutaneous Keratocyst without Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome: Report of 1 Case.: Hye Won Lee, Ji Young Park, Sun Hee Kang, Misun Choe; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):322-325.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.322

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Abstract PDF

A cutaneous keratocyst is very rare and is ordinarily associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also known as Gorlin syndrome. NBCCS is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder that results from the mutation in the patched homologue 1 (PTCH1) gene located on chromosome 9q22.3, with high penetrance and variable expressivity. NBCCS demonstrates multisystem manifestations such as multiple basal cell carcinomas in early age, jaw cysts and pits of the hands and feet. Cutaneous keratocysts are characteristically lined by festooned keratinized squamous epithelium with parakeratosis. The cystic wall contains neither granular cell layer nor skin appendages. To the best of our knowledge, only two cases of cutaneous keratocysts not associated with NBCCS have been reported to date. We report one another case of a histologically confirmed cutaneous keratocyst in a 50-year-old female without a family history and clinical features of NBCCS.

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Determining the Relationship Between Cutaneous Keratocysts and Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Madelyn M. Class, Claire Rose Kissinger, Sidra Ibad, Aspen Trautz, Lisa Zhai, Farhaan Hafeez
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology.2025; 52(6): 403. CrossRef
Sporadic Cutaneous Keratocyst of the Scalp: A Report of an Extremely Rare Lesion
Rana S AL-Zaidi, Eyad Tantawi, Rahaf AL-Radadi, Asrar Banjar
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Large Extragnathic Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumour
Soumya Makarla, Radhika M. Bavle, Sudhakara Muniswamappa, Srinath Narasimhamurthy
Case Reports in Pathology.2015; 2015: 1. CrossRef

Composite Pheochromocytoma or Paraganglioma of Adrenal Gland: A Case Report with Immunohistochemical Studies and Electron Microscopic Examination.: Hyeyoon Chang, Hoiseon Jeong, Younghye Kim, Sung Hye Park, Aeree Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):306-310.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.306

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Abstract PDF

Composite pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma of the adrenal gland is a well-recognized, yet extremely rare tumor with only one case reported in Korea. We report a case of incidentally found composite pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland in a 44-year-old female composed of intermingled components of pheochromocytom, ganglioneuroma, and cells with intermediate features. On immunohistochemical staining, the pheochromocytoma component was positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin, but negative for S-100 protein. Staining for the S-100 protein revealed sustentacular cells which formed a peripheral coat around the "Zellballen" and Schwann cells. The Fontana-Masson stain defined neuromelanin granules of ganglion cells and the ganglion cells expressed neural markers such as neurofilament proteins. Ultrastructural findings revealed pheochromocytes with a round or ovoid nucleus and occasionally prominent nucleolus containing numerous adrenaline and noradrenaline granules.

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Bilateral pheochromocytoma with ganglioneuroma component associated with multiple neuroendocrine neoplasia type 2A: a case report
Boubacar Efared, Gabrielle Atsame-Ebang, Soufiane Tahirou, Khalid Mazaz, Nawal Hammas, Hinde El Fatemi, Laila Chbani
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Expression of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma.: Yun Kyung Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):281-289.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.281

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) encoded by ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (Mdr/Tap), member 1 (ABCB1) mediates cross-resistance to antineoplastic drugs, and its expression is related to tumor aggressiveness.
METHODS
MDR1 expression was investigated in 100 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) by immunohistochemical staining. The epigenetic mechanisms underlying ABCB1 transcriptional regulation were investigated in cell lines.
RESULTS
MDR1 was normally localized in the bile canalicular surface of the hepatocytes. Among 100 HCCs, 45 showed canalicular/luminal (CL) staining similar to the normal pattern, another 45 displayed membranous/cytoplasmic (MC) overexpression, and the remaining 10 revealed loss of expression. MC pattern or null staining of HCCs correlated with a higher histological grade and had a poorer prognosis than HCCs with a CL pattern (p<0.05). They also tended to have a poor prognosis by multivariate survival analysis. The ABCB1 promoter was hypomethylated regardless of MDR1 expression or ABCB1 mRNA levels in 10 HCC cell lines. Histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment induced ABCB1 upregulation in 4 cell lines with low or moderate ABCB1 levels.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that either an increase or a loss of MDR1 expression may contribute to the poor outcome of HCCs; histone deacetylation may be one of the epigenetic mechanisms directing the ABCB1 expression in HCCs.

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Preferential expression of prostate specific membrane in CD34 labeled Neo-vasculature of Hepatocellular carcinoma: Prognostic and therapeutic potentials
Safaa MM Abd El Khalek, Mona QR Mohammed, Amira M Al Balakosy
Egyptian Journal of Pathology.2023; 43(1): 66. CrossRef

Case Reports

Functional Adrenocortical Oncocytoma: A Case Report of Rare Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential.: Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar, Keum Seok Bae, Kwang Hwa Park; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(2):212-216.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.2.212

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Abstract PDF: Adrenocortical oncocytoma is a rare adrenal neoplasm with only 25 cases having been reported in the English medical literature, of which only seven were functional tumors. Since these adrenal tumors are usually nonfunctional, they are mostly incidentally detected, and most of them are benign. Herein, we report on a rare case of a functional adrenocortical oncocytoma of an uncertain malignant potential and this tumor was located in the left adrenal gland in a 59-year-old woman who presented with hypertension. The tumor size was large with foci of necrosis in the cut surface and it exclusively had oncocytic histologic features.

Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Developed in Adrenohepatic Fusion, a Mimicry of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report.: Sun A Kim, Young Joo Lee, Kyoung Won Kim, Gyungyub Gong; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(2):196-200.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.2.196

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Abstract PDF

Adrenohepatic fusion is the union of the liver and adrenal gland with close intermingling of their respective parenchymal cells. Adrenal cortical adenoma arising in adrenohepatic fusion tissue is extremely rare, although adrenohepatic fusion itself is relatively common. Here we report a case of a 59-year-old man with a mass in the right lobe of his liver. The mass showed slight hyperattenuation during arterial phase and hypoattenuation during portal phase on dynamic computed tomography with contrast enhancement. On pathology, the mass consisted of round to polygonal cells with clear microvesicular or eosinophilic cytoplasm, arranged in nests or in a trabecular pattern. The tumor cells were positive for inhibin and melan-A, but negative for Hep Par-1. In the periphery of the mass, adrenohepatic fusion was identified between the liver and adrenal gland, and was simultaneously resected with the mass. We report this rare case, and discuss its clinical implications, especially the differential diagnosis with hepatocellular carcinoma.

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An intrahepatic adrenal adenoma mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report and literature review
Cheng-Ju Yang, Cheng-Ming Peng
Formosan Journal of Surgery.2025; 58(5): 222. CrossRef
Adrenal cortical adenoma arising in an adreno-hepatic fusion: Case report and literature review of a potential diagnostic pitfall
Adam Stenman, Ivan Shabo, Jan Zedenius, C. Christofer Juhlin
Human Pathology Reports.2022; 29: 300656. CrossRef
Intrahepatic adrenocortical adenoma arising from adrenohepatic fusion mimicking hepatic malignancy
Yong Soo Cho, Jin Woong Kim, Hyun Ju Seon, Ju-Yeon Cho, Jun-Hee Park, Hyung Joong Kim, Yoo Duk Choi, Young Hoe Hur
Medicine.2019; 98(23): e15901. CrossRef
Direct and indirect imaging features of adrenohepatic fusion
Jung Jae Park, Byung Kwan Park, Chan Kyo Kim
Abdominal Radiology.2016; 41(2): 377. CrossRef

Original Articles

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Bioactivity and Its Receptors in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.: Simona Gurzu, Ioan Jung, Leonard Azamfirei, Bong Young Shin, Raluca Solomon, Daria Demian, Judith Kovacs, Han Kyeom Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(2):139-145.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.2.139

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a controversial issue. Few studies have analyzed the possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors in this lesion.
METHODS
We compared the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, its receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2) and CD68, in normal lungs and lungs with ARDS. Fifty necropsy cases and 12 lung biopsies with ARDS were analyzed. In total, eight cases were in the early stage and 54 cases were in late stage of ARDS. In addition, the serum level of VEGF165 was also determined.
RESULTS
In normal lungs, all antibodies marked the endothelial cells (EC) and pneumocytes (PC), except for CD68, which was expressed in the alveolar macrophages. In early ARDS, the intensity of VEGF165 and VEGFR2 decreased in both EC and PC. VEGF121 was absent in PC but its expression increased in bronchial epithelium. VEGFR1 was expressed in the integral PC. In late ARDS, VEGF165 down-regulation was more significant in PC and EC but its intensity increased in hyaline membranes (HM). In some cases, HM were CD68 positive. The serum level of VEGF165 was up-regulated, while VEGF165 intensity in PC decreased and the HM appeared in alveolar spaces.
CONCLUSIONS
Sporadic positivity of HM for CD68 and decreasing of VEGF165 expression in EC proved that VEGF165 is produced by PC, destroyed macrophages, and extravasated serum.

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Hallazgos similares al COVID-19 en un caso fatal de neumonía intersticial descamativa asociada con glomerulonefritis por IgA en una niña de 13 meses de edad
Simona Gurzu, Catalin-Bogdan Satala, Lorena Elena Melit, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, Dan Otelea, Brandusa Capalna, Claudiu Ioan Puiac, Janos Szederjesi, Ioan Jung
Kompass Neumología.2021; 3(2): 69. CrossRef
COVID-19 Like Findings in a Fatal Case of Idiopathic Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia Associated With IgA Glomerulonephritis in a 13-Month-Old Child
Simona Gurzu, Catalin Bogdan Satala, Lorena Elena Melit, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, Dan Otelea, Brandusa Capalna, Claudiu Ioan Puiac, Janos Szederjesi, Ioan Jung
Frontiers in Pediatrics.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Distribution of Dendritic Cells and Regulatory T-Cells in Cutaneous Lymphomas.: Changyoung Yoo, Young Seon Hong, Baik Kee Cho, Sang Ho Kim, Sang In Shim, Chang Suk Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(6):581-588.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.6.581

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in immune reactions. This study was designed to identify the distribution patterns of DCs and regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in cutaneous lymphomas.
METHODS
Immunohistochemistry was used to determine langerin expression on Langerhans cells, CD11b on inflammatory DCs, CD209 and CD11c on dermal DCs, CD303 on plasmacytic DCs, and Foxp3 on Tregs in 81 cases of cutaneous lymphomas.
RESULTS
Various DCs and Tregs were identified in most cutaneous lymphomas. Plasmacytic DCs, inflammatory DCs and Tregs were identified mainly in tumor areas, whereas dermal DCs were distributed both in the tumor and stromal areas. Among DCs, dermal DCs were most prominently identified in the cutaneous lymphomas not only in the tumor area but also in the stroma. The intense stromal infiltration of dermal DCs was consistent finding in T-cell lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), not otherwise specified also showed intense stromal infiltration of dermal DCs, but stromal infiltration in DLBCL, leg type was relatively scant.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that all types of DCs and Tregs are involved in cutaneous lymphoma tumor immunity. Among them dermal DCs may play a dominant role.

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