MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight cases of RIS of the head and neck were found from data of Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea from 2006 through 2012. The selection was based on the slightly modified criteria applied by Bjerkehagen et al.[12]: the sarcoma’s location in the field of previous radiotherapy; a latency time of at least 2 years; and histomorphology different from that of the primary tumors. The patients’ primary tumors were nasopharyngeal carcinoma in 3, olfactory neuroblastoma in 1, malignant lymphoma in 1, liposarcoma in 1, malignant melanoma in 1, and astrocytoma in 1, and the secondary sarcomas comprised 3 undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS), 3 osteosarcomas, 1 fibrosarcoma, and 1 myxofibrosarcoma. The latency period ranged from 4 to 17 years (Table 1). Eight cases of de novo sarcomas of the head and neck were retrieved for comparison, and they included 3 osteosarcomas of the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity, 2 UPS of the maxillary sinus or scalp, 2 fibrosarcomas of the nasal cavity, and 1 myxofibrosarcoma of the maxillary sinus.

Tumor tissues from 16 cases were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for Mdm2 (1:100, Zeta, Arcadia, CA, USA) and p53 (1:1,500, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). The staining was processed on 4-μm sections using a Ventana autostainer and ultraView DAB detection kit (Ventana, Tucson, AZ, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Nuclear staining in more than 10% of tumor cells was rendered positive for both Mdm2 and p53. Statistical analysis of immunohistochemical results between the two groups was performed by chi-square and Fisher’s exact test (ver. 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS

Mdm2 expression was less common in RIS (3/8, 37.5%) than in de novo cases (6/8, 75%) (p<.05), while p53 expression was more common in RIS cases (75% vs 37.5%) (p<.05). Variable combination types of expression were observed in both groups (Table 2, Fig. 1); however, while half of RISs were Mdm2(–)/p53(+), none of de novo cases showed such combination, and while half of de novo sarcomas were Mdm2(+)/p53(–), which can be the candidate group of Mdm2 inhibitors, only 1 RIS showed such a combination. The expression profiles of Mdm2 and p53 did not correlate with tumor types, except that both of the myxofibrosarcomas, 1 RIS case and 1 de novo case, were positive for both Mdm2 and p53 (Table 2, Fig. 1).

DISCUSSION

RISs develop in a field of prior radiation after a latent period as high-grade sarcoma, most frequently osteosarcoma or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (former malignant fibrous histiocytoma)[12,13]. The pathogenesis of RIS is still unknown even though the initiating events have been identified. Gonin-Laurent et al.[1] detected a high incidence (58%) of inactivating mutation of TP53 gene in 36 RIS, and the inactivation was subsequently shown to be unrelated to MDM2 amplification/expression[2]. The same study group recently described a transcriptome signature distinguishing sporadic sarcomas from RISs, and the signature suggested that RISs are characterized by chronic endogenous oxidative stress[14]. On the contrary, Rumenapp et al.[15] showed that 6 of 7 radiation-induced osteosarcomas harbored a high degree of genomic instability similar to that identified earlier in primary osteosarcomas with poor prognosis. They speculated that the poor prognosis is caused by genetic instability, and not by an initiating event.

Apart from the genetic instability, prognosis of RIS is expected to be poor, considering the high histologic grade, limitations in further radiotherapy, and the presence of pre-existing malignancy. Bjerkehagen et al.[5] compared 98 patients with RIS and 239 sporadic high-grade sarcomas and concluded that the poorer prognosis of RIS is related to the central tumor site, incomplete surgical remission, microscopic tumor necrosis, and the presence of metastases. McHugh et al.[6] studied primary versus radiation-associated craniofacial osteosarcomas and showed radiation-associated cases were more aggressive, because of their unresectability, high grade, and expression of adverse markers including p53, Ki-67, and ezrin.

The Mdm2-p53 interaction in sarcomas has recently received attention on account of a new therapeutic approach targeting this interaction[10,11,16]. MDM2 amplification/overexpression is characteristic of well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLS), but is also identified in a small percentage of other sarcomas[17,18]. Studies on Mdm2 in RIS are very rare. Gonin-Laurent et al.[2] identified MDM2 mRNA expression in only 5 of 36 RIS cases (13.9%). In contrast, Roch-Lefevre et al.[3] detected recurrent gains/amplifications at many chromosomal regions including the loci of MDM2 in a series of 16 rat osteosarcomas induced by plutonium-238. In a chemical sarcomagenesis experiment, a high percentage of Mdm2 immunoreactivity was observed in mouse RMS, and the authors suggested that Mdm2 expression is an important pathogenetic event in this sarcomagenesis[4].

Our study is the first immunohistochemical study on Mdm2 expression of RIS. Mdm2 expression was more common in de novo than RISs (p<.05), and p53 expression was more common in RIS than de novo cases (p<.05). Frequent Mdm2 expression of de novo nonlipogenic sarcomas in this series might be due to the high percentage of included osteosarcoma cases. Frequent p53 overexpression in RISs suggests mutations of TP53 are pathogenetic events in radiation-induced sarcomagenesis, as proposed earlier[1]. Mutations in TP53 are basically not affected by Mdm2, but concurrent overexpression of Mdm2 was observed in 2 cases. While half of the RISs were Mdm2(–)/p53(+), none of de novo cases showed such combination, and while half of de novo sarcomas were Mdm2(+)/p53(–), which can be the candidate group for Mdm2 inhibitors, only 1 RIS showed such combination. Mdm2-p53 interaction, that is p53 inactivation by Mdm2 activation, appears to not be a major pathogenetic step in radiation-induced sarcomagenesis.

RMSs are aggressive pediatric tumors, and there have been recent preclinical trials of Mdm2 inhibitors in RMS[10,11]. Radiation-induced RMS has rarely been described, mostly among Chinese patients treated for nasopharyngeal cancer[8,9,19,20]. Since our series included no RMS cases, Mdm2-p53 status in radiation-induced RMS is not known. Among osteosarcomas, UPS and fibrosarcomas, Mdm2-p53 status showed no correlation with tumor type, but 2 myxofibrosarcomas (1 radiation-induced and the 1 de novo) were both positive for both Mdm2 and p53, but the meaning of this is uncertain for now.

UPSs with MDM2 amplification/expression, especially of the retroperitoneum, were considered DDLS by one research group[21], and the same group recently published a similar result on peripheral UPS[22]. In addition, it has been documented that immunostaining results for Mdm2 are well correlated with MDM2 gene amplification[23]. Our study resulted in 2 cases of Mdm2-positive UPS, 1 radiation-induced and 1 de novo. Nevertheless, it appears to be hasty to regard these nonlipogenic sarcomas as DDLS, since no example of radiation-induced DDLS has been reported.

In summary, in the comparison of Mdm2 and p53 expression of RIS with that of de novo sarcomas of the head and neck, we speculated that radiation-induced and de novo sarcomagenesis are not due to a unique genetic mechanism. Mdm2 expression without p53 overexpression in 1 case of RIS decreases the future possibility of applying Mdm2 inhibitors on a subset of these difficult tumors.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fig. 1.

Mdm2 (B, E, H, K) and p53 (C, F, I, L) expression in sarcomas. (A–C) Mdm2-positive, p53-negative de novo osteosarcoma. (D–F) Mdm2-positive, p53-positive de novo myxofibrosarcoma. (G–I) Mdm2-negative, p53-positive radiation-induced osteosarcoma. (J–L) Mdm2-negative, p53-negative radiation-induced fibrosarcoma.

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Figure & Data

References

Citations

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