Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common indolent B-cell lymphoma and originates from germinal center B-cells (centrocytes and centroblasts) of the lymphoid follicle. Tumorigenesis is believed to initiate early in precursor B-cells in the bone marrow (BM) that acquire the t(14;18)(q32;q21). These cells later migrate to lymph nodes to continue their maturation through the germinal center reaction, at which time they acquire additional genetic and epigeneticabnormalities that promote lymphomagenesis. FLs are heterogeneous in terms of their clinicopathologic features. Most FLs are indolent and clinically characterized by peripheral lymphadenopathy with involvement of the spleen, BM, and peripheral blood in a substantial subset of patients, sometimes accompanied by constitutional symptoms and laboratory abnormalities. Diagnosis is established by the histopathologic identification of a B-cell proliferation usually distributed in an at least partially follicular pattern, typically, but not always, in a lymph node biopsy. The B-cell proliferation is biologically of germinal center cell origin, thus shows an expression of germinal center-associated antigens as detected by immunophenotyping. Although many cases of FLs are typical and histopathologic features are straightforward, the biologic and histopathologic variability of FL is wide, and an accurate diagnosis of FL over this disease spectrum requires knowledge of morphologic variants that can mimic other lymphomas, and rarely non-hematologic malignancies, clinically unique variants, and pitfalls in the interpretation of ancillary studies. The overall survival for most patients is prolonged, but relapses are frequent. The treatment landscape in FL now includes the application of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in addition to chemotherapy.
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Ependymoma is the third most common pediatric primary brain tumor. Ependymomas are categorized according to their locations and genetic abnormalities, and these two parameters are important prognostic factors for patient outcome. For supratentorial (ST) ependymomas, RELA fusion-positive ependymomas show a more aggressive behavior than YAP1 fusion-positive ependymomas. Extracranial metastases of intra-axial neuroepithelial tumors are extremely rare. In this paper, we report a case of aggressive anaplastic ependymoma arising in the right frontoparietal lobe, which had genetically 1q25 gain, CDKN2A homozygous deletion, and L1CAM overexpression. The patient was a 10-year-old boy who underwent four times of tumor removal and seven times of gamma knife surgery. Metastatic loci were scalp and temporalis muscle overlying primary operation site, lung, liver, buttock, bone, and mediastinal lymph nodes. He had the malignancy for 10 years and died. This tumor is a representative case of RELA fusion-positive ST ependymoma, showing aggressive behavior.
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Delineation of molecular characteristics in pediatric PFA ependymoma involving rare osseous and pulmonary metastases: A case report and literature review Mading Zhou, Leiming Wang, Peng Sun, Yutong Liu, Ge Chen, Gao Zeng Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
SeekFusion - A Clinically Validated Fusion Transcript Detection Pipeline for PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing of RNA Jagadheshwar Balan, Garrett Jenkinson, Asha Nair, Neiladri Saha, Tejaswi Koganti, Jesse Voss, Christopher Zysk, Emily G. Barr Fritcher, Christian A. Ross, Caterina Giannini, Aditya Raghunathan, Benjamin R. Kipp, Robert Jenkins, Cris Ida, Kevin C. Halling, Frontiers in Genetics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cytology of Extraneural Metastases of Nonhematolymphoid Primary Central Nervous System Tumors: Six Cases with Histopathological Correlation and Literature Update Joerg Schwock, Lorna Mirham, Zeina Ghorab Acta Cytologica.2021; 65(6): 529. CrossRef
Mutation profiling of anaplastic ependymoma grade III by Ion Proton next generation DNA sequencing Ejaz Butt, Sabra Alyami, Tahani Nageeti, Muhammad Saeed, Khalid AlQuthami, Abdellatif Bouazzaoui, Mohammad Athar, Zainularifeen Abduljaleel, Faisal Al-Allaf, Mohiuddin Taher F1000Research.2020; 8: 613. CrossRef
Cortically based cystic supratentorial RELA fusion-positive ependymoma: a case report with unusual presentation and appearance and review of literature Yasmine T. Sallam, Qi Zhang, Sachin K. Pandey Radiology Case Reports.2020; 15(12): 2495. CrossRef
Mutation profiling of anaplastic ependymoma grade III by Ion Proton next generation DNA sequencing Muhammad Butt, Sabra Alyami, Tahani Nageeti, Muhammad Saeed, Khalid AlQuthami, Abdellatif Bouazzaoui, Mohammad Athar, Zainularifeen Abduljaleel, Faisal Al-Allaf, Mohiuddin Taher F1000Research.2019; 8: 613. CrossRef
Extraneural metastatic anaplastic ependymoma: a systematic review and a report of metastases to bilateral parotid glands Gray Umbach, Tarek Y El Ahmadieh, Aaron R Plitt, Salah G Aoun, Om J Neeley, Kristopher A Lyon, Ekokobe Fonkem, Jack M Raisanen, Justin A Bishop, Zabi Wardak, Toral R Patel, Larry Myers, Bruce E Mickey Neuro-Oncology Practice.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
RELA Fusion in Supratentorial Extraventricular Ependymomas: A Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Study of 43 Cases Leiming Wang, Lina Liu, Hainan Li, PeiPei Wang, Zeliang Hu, Yukui Wei, Ming Zhang, Wenjuan Wen, Zhi Li, Li Liu, Lihong Zhao, Dehong Lu, Lianghong Teng American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2019; 43(12): 1674. CrossRef
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–related transcription factors are up-regulated in ependymomas and correlate with a poor prognosis Prit Benny Malgulwar, Aruna Nambirajan, Pankaj Pathak, Madhu Rajeshwari, Vaishali Suri, Chitra Sarkar, Manmohan Singh, Mehar Chand Sharma Human Pathology.2018; 82: 149. CrossRef
Background Mixed gliomas, such as oligoastrocytomas (OA), anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, and glioblastomas (GBMs) with an oligodendroglial component (GBMO) are defined as tumors composed of a mixture of two distinct neoplastic cell types, astrocytic and oligodendroglial. Recently, mutations ATRX and TP53, and codeletion of 1p/19q are shown to be genetic hallmarks of astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, respectively. Subsequent molecular analyses of mixed gliomas preferred the reclassification to either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma. This study was designed to apply genetically integrated diagnostic criteria to mixed gliomas and determine usefulness and prognostic value of new classification in Korean patients.
Methods Fifty-eight cases of mixed OAs and GBMOs were retrieved from the pathology archives of Seoul National University Hospital from 2004 to 2015. Reclassification was performed according to genetic and immunohistochemical properties. Clinicopathological characteristics of each subgroup were evaluated. Overall survival was assessed and compared between subgroups.
Results We could reclassify all mixed OAs and GBMOs into either astrocytic or oligodendroglial tumors. Notably, 29 GBMOs could be reclassified into 11 cases of GBM, IDH-mutant, 16 cases of GBM, IDH-wildtype, and two cases of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant. Overall survival was significantly different among these new groups (p<.001). Overall survival and progression-free survival were statistically better in gliomas with IDH mutation, ATRX mutation, no microscopic necrosis, and young patient age (cut off, 45 years old).
Conclusions Our results strongly suggest that a genetically integrated diagnosis of glioma better reflects prognosis than former morphology-based methods.
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Gastric cancer is a global health burden and has the highest incidence in East Asia. This disease is complex in nature because it arises from multiple interactions of genetic, local environmental, and host factors, resulting in biological heterogeneity. This genetic intricacy converges on molecular characteristics reflecting the pathophysiology, tumor biology, and clinical outcome. Therefore, understanding the molecular characteristics at a genomic level is pivotal to improving the clinical care of patients with gastric cancer. A recent landmark study, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, showed the molecular landscape of gastric cancer through a comprehensive molecular evaluation of 295 primary gastric cancers. The proposed molecular classification divided gastric cancer into four subtypes: Epstein-Barr virus–positive, microsatellite unstable, genomic stable, and chromosomal instability. This information will be taken into account in future clinical trials and will be translated into clinical therapeutic decisions. To fully realize the clinical benefit, many challenges must be overcome. Rapid growth of high-throughput biology and functional validation of molecular targets will further deepen our knowledge of molecular dimensions of this cancer, allowing for personalized precision medicine.
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