ERG Immunohistochemistry as an Endothelial Marker for Assessing Lymphovascular Invasion
Article information
Abstract
Background
ERG, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, is a highly specific endothelial marker. We investigated whether the use of ERG immunostaining can help pathologists detect lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and decrease interobserver variability in LVI diagnosis.
Methods
Fifteen cases of surgically resected colorectal cancers with hepatic metastasis were selected and the most representative sections for LVI detection were immunostained with ERG, CD31, and D2-40. Eight pathologists independently evaluated LVI status on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and the corresponding immunostained sections and then convened for a consensus meeting. The results were analyzed by kappa (κ) statistics.
Results
The average rate of LVI positivity was observed in 43% with H&E only, 10% with CD31, 29% with D2-40, and 16% with ERG. Agreement among pathologists was fair for H&E only (κ=0.27), D2-40 (κ=0.21), ERG (κ=0.23), and was moderate for CD31 (κ=0.55). Consensus revealed that ERG nuclear immunoreactivity showed better visual contrast of LVI detection than the other staining, with improved agreement and LVI detection rate (κ=0.65, LVI positivity rate 80%).
Conclusions
The present study demonstrated a superiority with ERG immunostaining and indicated that ERG is a promising panendothelial marker that might help pathologists increase LVI detection and decrease interobserver variability in LVI diagnosis.
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is one of the most important diagnostic and prognostic parameters in various cancers.1,2 Many studies have suggested that there is a strong association between LVI and adverse clinical outcomes including nodal metastasis, local recurrence and overall survival.1-4 Hence, many pathology reporting systems have included assessment of LVI as one of the most important items for prognostification in patients with various cancers.2,5
LVI is commonly assessed under light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections. Although no gold standard for LVI detection exists, presence of tumor cells within a vascular space, red blood cells surrounding the tumor cells, identification of endothelial lining of the space, a presence of an elastic lamina surrounding the tumor, and tumor cells attached to the vascular wall have been recommended as criteria of LVI from the 1999 College of American Pathologist (CAP) Consensus Statement.6,7 However, LVI detection is limited to tissue sample quality, and the interpretation issues of LVI detection and interobserver variability concerning retraction artifact versus true vascular space, endothelial lining vs stromal fibroblasts, and true vascular invasion versus floater.7-9
Immunohistochemical stains for CD31 and D2-40 have been used to assist in the detection of LVI. It has been reported that the use of endothelial markers combined with H&E staining would increase LVI detection and decrease interobserver variability, but many studies have shown conflicting results.7,8,10-12 CD31, known as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, is a panendothelial marker and also shows immunoreactivity in inflammatory cells including histiocytes and platelets.7,10,12 D2-40 shows a relatively clean stain for interpretation, but background staining of the stroma including myofibroblasts and nerves is an issue,11 resulting in limitations in LVI diagnosis and leading to the possible neglect of significant findings of LVI or overdiagnosis.
ERG, avian v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, has been suggested to be a promising prognostic marker in prostatic cancer and recently was introduced as a good endothelial marker for evaluating vascular tumors.2,12,13 Compared to previously well-known vascular markers such as CD31, D2-40, Factor VIII, and CD34, ERG immunostaining is known to be exclusively expressed in endothelial cells and has shown nuclear immunoreactivity.2,12,13 Hence, there is a question as to whether ERG immunostaining could be better than the other methods for detecting LVI, thus prompting the investigation of ERG immunostaining to identify LVI in this study.
Herein, we investigated whether the use of ERG immunostaining can increase the LVI detection rate and decrease interoberserver variability, and we demonstrated the utility of ERG immunostaining patterns for LVI detection.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All cases of resected colorectal cancers from the pathologic archives of Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2011 were reviewed through the use of medical records. The present study included only 15 cases of moderately differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas that revealed concurrent or subsequent hepatic metastasis because it was intended that all the cases would have LVI. Other histologic types such as mucinous adenocarcinoma were excluded to achieve homogeneity in the study. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University Medical Center.
Histologic sections of the 15 cases were reviewed and the most representative sections for assessing LVI were selected by two pathologists (S.D.L. and S.H.K.). ERG, CD31, and D2-40 immunostaining was performed on the corresponding paraffin sections and each stained slide, including H&E sections that were de-identified with no clinical or pathological information. Each set of 15 stained slides was separately circulated to the other eight pathologists and they independently reviewed all H&E slides and each corresponding immunostained slide using their own criteria of LVI assessment. They were asked to record presence or absence of LVI for each stained slide.
After the circulation of the slides to the pathologists, a consensus meeting was held to discuss the results and the current issues of LVI detection, particularly using ERG immunostaining. Cases were reviewed again using a 10 headed-conference microscope and the pathologists had the chance to modify their previous decision of LVI detection with ERG immunostaining. The consensus decision of the final LVI status was given as presence or absence of LVI when more than 75% of the pathologists agreed based on ERG immunostaining. As for the remaining cases, they remained equivocal.
On post-consensus meeting, a total of 60 digital images of suspicious or debatable LVI immunostained by ERG were presented to the pathologists for a quiz in a projected PowerPoint slide show. To evaluate interobserver variability, they were independently asked to record as presence, absence or equivocal of LVI.
ERG immunostaining was also performed on the most representative sections of LVI detection for 100 other tumors including breast, stomach and thyroid cancers in order to discuss further interpretation issues of LVI detection.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the Automatic Ventana ES IHC staining machine (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ, USA). Representative sections from paraffin blocks were cut to 4 µm thickness and were deparaffinized by treatment with xylene followed by rehydration. Primary antibodies were CD31 (1:25, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA), D2-40 (predilution, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), and ERG (predilution, Biocare Medical, Concord, CA, USA). The appropriate internal controls of the vessels were used during the immunostaining procedures to ensure the quality of the staining. For negative control, the primary antibody was replaced by normal goat serum.
The statistical analyses focusing on the estimation of the agreement rate were executed using the kappa (κ) statistic, which is a statistical measure of interobserver agreement occurring by chance. Interpretations for the κ-values were previously described.14 It is suggested that κ values less than 0.00 indicate poor agreement, values of 0.00-0.20 slight agreement, values of 0.21-0.40 fair agreement, values of 0.41-0.60 moderate agreement, values of 0.61-0.80 substantial agreement and values of 0.81-1.00 almost perfect agreement. The statistics was performed using SPSS ver. 17 (IBM, Endicott, NY, USA) and dbSTAT ver. 5 (dbSTAT, Seoul, Korea).
RESULTS
Clinicopathologic characteristics of all 15 cases are shown in Table 1. There were 12 concurrent and three subsequent hepatic metastases of the colorectal cancers. Seven patients (47%) had metastatic lymph nodes and 8 patients (53%) had no metastatic lymph nodes at the time of surgery. Eight cases (53.3%) were recorded to have presence of LVI at the initial pathology reports. The mean follow-up period was 22 months (range, 13 to 68 months). Two patients died of disease and 13 patients were alive without recurrence or disease during follow-up.
Clinicopathologic characteristics
The average rate of LVI positivity for 15 colorectal cancers as assessed by each pathologist was 43% with H&E only, 10% with CD31, 29% with D2-40, and 16% with ERG. Agreements for LVI positivity among pathologists were moderate for CD31 (κ=0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 0.82) and fair for H&E only (κ=0.27; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.38), D2-40 (κ=0.21; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.37), and ERG (κ=0.23; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.48), respectively (Fig. 1).
Comparison of kappa values among pathologists for lymphovascular invasion (LVI) detection in colorectal cancers. While the average of LVI detection rate for each pathologist was 43% with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) only, 10% with CD31, 29% with D2-40, and 16% with ERG, the consensus reached 80% of LVI detection after a joint discussion about ERG patterns with LVI. aInterpreted by ERG
During the consensus meeting, the pathologists indicated that they knew the published criteria of LVI based on the 1999 CAP Consensus Statement6,7 and applied the criteria strictly in their individual evaluation. The pathologists indicated that retraction artifact was the most complicated difficulty in detecting LVI, which might result in high detection rate with H&E only (Figs. 1, 2). They suggested that CD31 immunostaining, with the lowest LVI detection rate (10%), could result in a higher level of agreement for CD31 immunostaining (Fig. 1).
The cases that have differential diagnoses between presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and retraction artifact tend to be diagnosed as positive LVI by hematoxylin and eosin examination only (A), but prove clear negative LVI by ERG immunostaining (B).
All pathologists agreed that ERG nuclear immunoreactivity demonstrated vessels better than the other methods showing cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. ERG immunostaining showed distinct nuclear immunoreactivity of endothelial cells in the artery, vein, and lymphatic vessels without cross immunoreactivity compared to CD31 stainability in inflammatory cells and D2-40 stainability in fibroblasts (Fig. 3).
Comparison of ERG, CD31, and D2-40 endothelial markers. (A) ERG, panendothelial marker showing nuclear immunoreactivity in artery, vein, and lymphatics. (B) ERG immunostaining specific for endothelial cells without cross-reactivity. (C) D31 immunostaining showing cross-reactivity in inflammatory cells. (D) D2-40 immunostaining showing cross-reactivity in fibroblasts.
Pertaining to the use of ERG immunostaining on consensus, improved detection of LVI (80%) and interobserver agreement (κ=0.65; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.74) were obvious among pathologists (Fig. 1).
Through the quiz, higher rates of concordance among the pathologists were obtained with concordance rates of 100% for 18 photos (30%), 87.5% for 18 photos (30%), and 75% for 12 photos (20%) (Table 2). Twelve photos (20%) with concordance rates of 62.5 % and 50% remained debatable (Table 2). Some interesting digital images of LVI are shown in Figs. 3-6.
Results of quiz for 60 digital images
ERG immunostaining in other cancers. (A) Positive lymphovascular invasion (LVI) distinguishing from retraction artifact by highlighted endothelial nuclei of vascular wall in breast cancer. (B) LVI showing tumor cells protruding into a lymphovascular space in gastric carcinoma. (C) Tumor cells attached to the vascular wall distinguishing from retraction artifact in squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid gland.
The tumor cells surrounded by a vascular space were considered LVI positive with a concordance rate of 100% (Fig. 4A, B). A single-cell metastasis even in a single vascular space or even in inflammatory background reached agreement for LVI positivity with high concordance (Table 2, Fig. 4C, D).
Examples showing high concordance rate of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) positivity in colorectal cancers. (A, B) Tumor cells surrounded by a vascular space with protruding endothelial nuclei well demonstrated by ERG immunostaining (100% concordance rate, arrow). (C) Single-cell metastasis in a single vascular space (100% concordance rate, arrow). (D) Floating single-cell metastasis even in an inflammatory background (75.0% concordance rate, arrow).
The cases that raised the issue of retraction artifact are shown in Fig. 4. Endothelial cells protruding into the vascular space were highlighted by ERG immunostaining and considered as LVI positivity with a concordance rate of 100%. The presence of a thin fibrocollagenous layer between the tumor and ERG-positive endothelial cells reached LVI negativity with a concordance rate of 100% (Fig. 5A). A "kissing pattern" showing tumor cells surrounded by endothelial nuclei was noticeable as LVI positivity with the concordance rate of 87.5% (Fig. 5B).
Examples of interpretation issues in colorectal cancers. (A) Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) negativity with presence of thin fibrocollagenous layer between tumor cells and ERG-positive endothelial cells distinguishing from retraction artifact (100% concordance rate). (B) "Kissing pattern" showing tumor cells surrounded by endothelial nuclei interpreted as LVI positivity (87.5% concordance rate). (C, D) "Hugging pattern" highlighted by ERG immunostaining of endothelial nuclei embraced by tumor cells with unknown significance.
All pathologists recognized that vessels embraced by tumor cells, referred to as the "hugging pattern," was an interesting finding particularly highlighted by ERG nuclear immunoreactivity, and should be further discussed in the future (Fig. 5C, D).
ERG immunostaining for breast, stomach and thyroid cancers also revealed better visual contrast of LVI detection than CD31, particularly in the tumors showing severe retraction artifact as well as in obvious LVI such as in tumor cells protruding into the lymphovascular space in gastric carcinoma and LVI that is well distinguished from retraction artifact in thyroid cancer (Fig. 6A-C).
Examples of unequivocal or debatable LVIs are shown in Fig. 7. Some inflammatory cells in the lymphovascular space of the noninflammatory background reached LVI negativity with a 75% concordance rate, but 25% of the pathologists suggested that the significance was unknown and further investigation was necessary (Fig. 7A). There was a different threshold among the pathologists in calling LVI positivity with respect to retraction artifacts and distribution of vessels, even though the endothelial nuclei were well shown by ERG staining (Fig. 7B, C).
Unequivocal or debatable examples of lymphovascular invasion (LVI). (A) Some inflammatory cells in a lymphovascular space in a noninflammatory background as a mimicker of true LVI is considered negative LVI with a 75% concordance rate. (B) Complicated lymphovascular spaces demonstrated by ERG staining with attachment of tumor cells showing a 50% concordance rate for positive LVI. (C) Debatable LVI with 50% concordance rate.
DISCUSSION
Many studies have reported LVI is not only a simple prognostic factor, but also a practical and powerful parameter for determination of treatment in patients with various cancers15-18 and the modality of treatment and patient care could be quite different according to LVI status in cancers.15,16,19,20 However, lack of standardized criteria and interobserver variability contribute to difficulties in LVI diagnosis, hence, LVI has been adopted in the staging systems of only a few tumor types, such as testicular cancer, produced by the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC).21
Recently, the issues of LVI diagnosis have been studied intensively from this perspective, but only a few studies of interobserver variability with respect to LVI detection have been performed.7,9 Kryvenko and Epstein8 described many issues associated with LVI detection in prostate cancer, including unique histologic features of high frequency of retraction artifact and LVI mimickers. They discussed how to distinguish LVI on H&E sections and recommended that H&E section alone, without immunostaining, is sufficient for detecting LVI. Kirsch et al.9 discussed venous invasion in colorectal cancers and suggested new features of venous invasion such as "orphan arteriaoles" and "protruding tongue" signs as diagnostic clues. They highlighted the role of elastin staining in improving the detection of venous invasion and interobserver agreement. Harris et al.7 reported that the use of endothelial markers such as CD31 and D2-40 did not improve LVI detection in colorectal cancer mainly due to the poor degree of interobserver agreement, lack of criteria and different threshold for LVI diagnosis. These studies have disclosed the limitations of the current methods and have shown little improvement pertaining to LVI detection. Therefore, the development of improved methods including identifying vessels is critical.
The present study was intended to determine which debatable features of LVI should be considered as a true LVI because LVI develops in all the cases of hepatic metastasis, although it does not mean that a few foci on a single slide are true indicators of LVI. In this study, ERG immunostaining helped pathologists make a confirmatory decision about a LVI status that was suspicious or debatable on H&E examination. Retraction artifact is known to be the most common mimicker of LVI. As the peritumoral stroma surrounding tumor glands may be interpreted incorrectly interpreted as endothelial cells, identification of at least 2 endothelial nuclei has been advocated for LVI by another study.8,22 ERG immunostaining shows more reliable and sufficient visual contrast of the endothelial nuclei protruding to the vascular lumen, which is clearly distinguished from the retraction artifact, in comparison to H&E section alone or the staining with other endothelial markers.
There were new features of LVI that were not noticeable by other methods. The "kissing pattern" of obvious tumor cells surrounded by the nuclei of endothelial cells showed a concordance rate of 87.5% for LVI positivity. It is interesting to see this pattern even with the retraction artifact. The "hugging" pattern was not interpreted as LVI positivity, but pathologists agreed that its significance should be further investigated in future studies with respect to the vessels in tumor cells. These findings are attributable to the nuclear immunoreactivity of ERG, which is not demonstrable by other markers with cytoplasmic immunoreactivity.
The discrepancy of LVI diagnosis among pathologists could be caused by differences in criteria used for diagnosing LVI. The pathologists indicated they have a tendency to strictly apply their own criteria for LVI, which resulted in relatively low LVI detection rate. During the consensus meeting, pathologists discussed the patterns of ERG immunostaining for LVI detection and tried to reach an agreement on diagnosing LVI status. This kind of consensus and education appeared to increase the detection rate and decrease the interobserver variability for LVI detection in this study. Although there is a different threshold with respect to whether only one LVI can be considered as LVI positivity, ERG immunostaining appeared to decrease this threshold difference for LVI positivity with a concordance rate of 100%, even in a single cell metastasis in one vascular space because of the distinct visual contrast of the nuclear immunoreactivity.
There have been reports of dual or triple immunohistochemical staining combining cytokeratin and vascular markers including CD31, CD34, and D2-40 being sensitive in detecting LVI than standardized H&E alone.10,11 It might be necessary to investigate dual or triple immunostaining including ERG to improve LVI detection. However, the issue of cost-effectiveness would also need to be addressed if such an approach were to be used in routine diagnostic work.
This study revealed relatively low lymph node metastasis (47%) (Table 1) compared to the published articles, which show more than 60% lymph node metastasis in stage IV colorectal cancers.23-25 This study also revealed many small capillaries that were more vividly identified in the lamina propria in coloinic mucosa, which is known to have no lymphatic vessels.26-28 The single focus of LVI in the lamina propria was easily detected by ERG staining in this study, which might explain why hematogenous metastasis is more frequent in our cohort. A better understanding of early vascular invasion by carcinoma in the lamina propria may offer new insight into the understanding of metastasis in colon cancer. Many researchers have investigated tumor angiogenesis assessed by the quantization of vessels, and thus, improved information for angiogenesis demonstrated by ERG immunostaining may be beneficial to the researchers and patients.
A better visual detection of LVI using ERG immunostaining was also observed in 100 other carcinomas including stomach, breast, and thyroid. Therefore, ERG immunostaining could be a better endothelial marker for evaluating LVI on a routine diagnostic basis.
In this study, LVI positivity on the H&E sections was higher than that on immunostained slides and the interobserver variability did not decrease with the immunostained slides. This result may be attributable to the unfamiliar immunostaining pattern, especially for ERG, and to the short time period spent by each pathologist searching each slide. The pathologists concurred that they needed more time with eager attentiveness to detect LVI and need to be educated with a standardized guideline in interpreting LVI and the immunostaining.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a promising new panendothelial marker, ERG, might help increase LVI detection and decrease interobserver variability. However, this study also identified the problems and limitations of LVI detection that were noticed in the previous studies. Further studies on a larger study group in many clinical contexts of all organ cancers are necessary to confirm true predictive or prognostic values of LVI using ERG immunostaining. In addition, more emphasis on LVI detection as well as developing more reliable methods is needed to improve cancer research and patient care.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by Konkuk University 2012.
Notes
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.