Ameloblastomas and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOTs) are common epithelial tumors of odontogenic origin. Ameloblastomas are clinico-pathologically classified into solid/multicystic, unicystic, desmoplastic, and peripheral types, and also divided into follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, granular types, etc., based on their histological features. Craniopharyngiomas, derived from the remnants of Rathke's pouch or a misplaced enamel organ, are also comparable to the odontogenic tumors. The malignant transformation of ameloblastomas results in the formation of ameloblastic carcinomas and malignant ameloblastomas depending on cytological dysplasia and metastasis, respectively. AOTs are classified into follicular, extrafollicular, and peripheral types. Ameloblastomas are common, have an aggressive behavior and recurrent course, and are rarely metastatic, while AOTs are hamartomatous benign lesions derived from the complex system of the dental lamina or its remnants. With advances in the elucidation of molecular signaling mechanisms in cells, the cytodifferentiation of epithelial tumor cells in ameloblastomas and AOTs can be identified using different biomarkers. Therefore, it is suggested that comprehensive pathological observation including molecular genetic information can provide a more reliable differential diagnosis for the propagation and prognosis of ameloblastomas and AOTs. This study aimed to review the current concepts of ameloblastomas and AOTs and to discuss their clinico-pathological features relevant to tumorigenesis and prognosis.

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Multicystic biliary hamartoma (MCBH) is a very rare hamartomatous cystic nodule of the liver, which has recently been described as a new entity of a hepatic nodular lesion. We report a unique case of MCBH with a review of the literatures. A hepatic multicystic mass of segment 3 was detected in a 52-year-old male by abdominal computed tomography, and resection of this lesion was performed. Macroscopic examination revealed a 2.7×2.0 cm nodular mass with a multicystic honeycomb cut surface. Histologically, this lesion consisted of multiple dilated cystic ducts lined by biliary type epithelial cells, periductal glands and connective tissue, which included small amounts of hepatic parenchyma and blood vessels. Recognition of this unusual lesion is essential to avoid confusion with other cystic tumors of the liver, and to learn more about its natural history and response to treatment.

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• Technical Considerations in EEG Source Imaging
  Benjamin H. Brinkmann
  Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology.2024; 41(1): 2.     CrossRef
• A Case of Multicystic Biliary Hamartoma with a Marked Peribiliary Gland Component Successfully Treated by Purely Laparoscopic Anatomical Liver Resection
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  Frontiers in Surgery.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Victoria Carmona, Iago Justo, Yolanda Rodríguez-Gil, Alberto Marcacuzco, Carmelo Loinaz, Carlos Jiménez
  Cirugía Española.2022; 100(12): 800.     CrossRef
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  Chen-Yu Wang, Fu-Yang Shi, Wei-Feng Huang, Yan Tang, Ting Li, Guo-Lin He
  World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(26): 9361.     CrossRef
• A Case of Multicystic Biliary Hamartoma Treated with Left Medial Sectionectomy
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• Multicystic biliary hamartoma
  Victoria Carmona, Iago Justo, Yolanda Rodríguez-Gil, Alberto Marcacuzco, Carmelo Loinaz, Carlos Jiménez
  Cirugía Española (English Edition).2022; 100(12): 800.     CrossRef
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  Wentao Mu, Peng Su, Shanglei Ning
  Pathology and Oncology Research.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Gautham Krishnamurthy, Harjeet Singh, Sravya Deepika Ganti, Ganga Ram Verma
  Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer.2019; 50(4): 1022.     CrossRef
• A variant of multicystic biliary hamartoma presenting as an intrahepatic cystic neoplasm
  Tetsuro Tominaga, Takafumi Abo, Naoe Kinoshita, Tomonori Murakami, Yasunori Sato, Yasuni Nakanuma, Kenich Harada, Junichi Masuda, Takeshi Nagayasu, Atsushi Nanashima
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  María Jezabel Fernández-Carrión, Ricardo Robles Campos, Asunción López Conesa, Roberto Brusadín, Pascual Parrilla Paricio
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Heterotopic gastrointestinal cysts are rarely found in the oral cavity. Most of these cysts are lined with gastric mucosa and involve the tongue. There have been no reported heterotopic intestinal cysts of the submandibular gland that are completely lined with colonic mucosa. An 8-year-old girl presented with an enlarging swelling in the left submandibular area, and a 4-cm unilocular cyst was fully excised. The cyst was completely lined with colonic mucosa that was surrounded by smooth muscle layer, and the lining cells were positive for CDX-2, an intestinal marker, indicating a high degree of differentiation. The pathogenesis remains unclear, but it may be related to the misplacement of embryonic rests within the oral cavity during early fetal development. Although heterotopic intestinal cysts rarely occur in the submandibular gland, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of facial swellings in the pediatric population.

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• Heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst in the floor of mouth: a case report
  Naoaki SAITO, Satoshi MARUYAMA, Yusuke KATO, Ryoko TAKEUCHI, Jun-ichi TANUMA, Tadaharu KOBAYASHI
  Japanese Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2023; 69(1): 27.     CrossRef
• A case report of oral heterotopic gastrointestinal cysts (HGIC) and review of the literature
  Gursimran Kaur Bains, Richard Pilkington, Joanna Stafford, Sunil Bhatia
  Oral Surgery.2022; 15(1): 71.     CrossRef
• A Rare Case of Ectopic Colonic Mucosa Presenting With Airway Compromise in a Neonate
  Justin Hall, Fatima Z Aly, Julia Comer, Michael P Gebhard, Thomas Schrepfer
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• Ultrasonic Features of Uncommon Congenital Heterotopic Colon and Pancreas in the Neck: An Extremely Rare Case Report
  Yingli Wei, Zhihao Pan, Xiaoling Kang, Cuiqing Huang, Dan Chen
  Frontiers in Pediatrics.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Quiste gastrointestinal heterotópico en la cavidad oral
  Beatriz Arango de Samper, Eliana Elisa Muñoz López, Estefanía Morales González
  Latin American Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2021; 1(1): 40.     CrossRef

Myxoid liposarcoma is a subtype of liposarcoma. This specific subtype can be identified based on its characteristic histological and cytogenetical features. The tumor has a fusion transcript of the CHOP and TLS genes, which is caused by t(12;16)(q13;p11). Most of the fusion transcripts that have been identified fall into three categories, specifically type I (exons 7-2), type II (exons 5-2), and type III (exons 8-2). A total of seven myxoid liposarcomas associated with the rare phenomenon of cartilaginous differentiation have been documented in the literature. Currently, only one of these cases has been cytogenetically analyzed, and the analysis indicated that it was a type II TLS-CHOP fusion transcript in both the typical myxoid liposarcoma and cartilaginous areas. This study presents a second report of myxoid liposarcoma with cartilaginous differentiation, and includes a cytogenetical analysis of both the myxoid and cartilaginous areas.

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• Myxoid liposarcoma with nuclear pleomorphism: a clinicopathological and molecular study
  Naoki Kojima, Takashi Kubo, Taisuke Mori, Kaishi Satomi, Yuko Matsushita, Shintaro Iwata, Yasushi Yatabe, Koichi Ichimura, Akira Kawai, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Akihiko Yoshida
  Virchows Archiv.2024; 484(1): 71.     CrossRef
• The Conundrum of Dedifferentiation in a Liposarcoma at a Peculiar Location: A Case Report and Literature Review
  Ana-Maria Ciongariu, Adrian-Vasile Dumitru, Cătălin Cîrstoiu, Bogdan Crețu, Maria Sajin, Dana-Antonia Țăpoi, Aminia-Diana Ciobănoiu, Adrian Bejenariu, Andrei Marin, Mariana Costache
  Medicina.2023; 59(5): 967.     CrossRef
• Myxoid liposarcoma with cartilaginous differentiation showing DDIT3 rearrangement
  Kayo Suzuki, Taketoshi Yasuda, Kenta Watanabe, Takeshi Hori, Masahiko Kanamori, Tomoatsu Kimura
  Oncology Letters.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef

Heterotopic gastric mucosa occurs in all areas of the gastrointestinal tract including the nasopharynx, tongue, esophagus, small intestine, colon, and rectum. Gastric heterotopia of the large bowel is infrequent, and most cases have been reported in the rectum. Review of the literature has revealed only eight cases involving the colon proximal to the rectum. Little is known of the natural history of gastric heterotopias, except that. It usually presents with gastrointestinal bleeding, though other serious complications such as bowel perforation, intussusceptions, and fistula formation, are possible. Further, it is unclear whether heterotopic gastric mucosa progresses to malignancy. Herein, we describe a case of adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon arising from gastric heterotopia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of adenocarcinoma arising from heterotopic gastric mucosa in the colon.

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• Intussusception of Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa in the Transverse Colon: A Rare Cause of Perforation and Bleeding
  Sho Fujiwara, Ryuichi Nishimura, Nozomi Koyamada
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  Reza Shojaeian, Negar Nekooei, Paria Dehghanian
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  Eduardo Dantas, Diva Yamaguti, Kendi Yamazaki
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  Hyun-Il Seo, Jae-Young Kwak
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  Marcela Adriana Duran Alvarez, Carla Noemi Tafur Sanchez
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• Heterotopic Respiratory Mucosa in the Rectum: An Unusual Type and Site of Heterotopia in the Gastrointestinal Tract
  Caroline Bsirini, Pratyusha Tirumanisetty, Joseph N. Dytoc, Diana Agostini-Vulaj, Christopher Steevens, Asad Ullah, Aaron R. Huber
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• Perforation of Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa in ileal duplication in an adult: A case report
  Vaanathi Paulvannan, Seshukumar Bylapudi, Mithun Kumar Ramesh Kumar, Mahesh Nachimuthu, Paulvannan Subramanian
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• Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the tongue arising within a congenital enteric cyst
  Louis J. Ligthelm, Belinda K. Bunn, Erich J. Raubenheimer, Willie F. P. van Heerden
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• The outlet patch: gastric heterotopia of the colorectum and anus
  Abul A S R Mannan, Michael Vieth, Armen Khararjian, Binny Khandakar, Dora Lam‐Himlin, David Heydt, Feriyl Bhaijee, Henry J Venbrux, Kathleen Byrnes, Lysandra Voltaggio, Norman Barker, Songyang Yuan, Elizabeth A Montgomery
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• Large heterotopic gastric mucosa and a concomitant diverticulum in the rectum: Clinical experience and endoscopic management
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Multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma (mPTC) comprises about 20-30% of PTC. In mPTC, individual tumor foci can be identical or frequently composed of different histological types including follicular, solid, tall-cell or conventional patterns. We report a case of mPTC consisting of one encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) and three conventional PTCs in a 44-year-old woman. This case genetically demonstrates unique features including the simultaneous presence of the BRAF V600E (T1799A) mutation and the BRAF K601E (A1801G) mutation in conventional PTC and FVPTC, respectively.

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• BRAF K601E Mutation in Oncocytic Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Case Report and Literature Review
  Antonio Matrone, Fabrizia Citro, Carla Gambale, Alessandro Prete, Elisa Minaldi, Raffaele Ciampi, Teresa Ramone, Gabriele Materazzi, Liborio Torregrossa, Rossella Elisei
  Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(22): 6970.     CrossRef
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  Muhammad Ramzan Manwar Hussain, Mukhtiar Baig, Hussein Sheik Ali Mohamoud, Zaheer Ulhaq, Daniel C. Hoessli, Ghaidaa Siraj Khogeer, Ranem Radwan Al-Sayed, Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
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  Byeong-Joo Noh, Ji-Youn Sung, Youn-Wha Kim, Yong-Koo Park
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• Anaplastic Transformation of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Young Man: A Case Study with Immunohistochemical andBRAFAnalysis
  Ji Hye Park, Hyeong Ju Kwon, Cheong Soo Park, SoonWon Hong
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