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The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023
Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai
J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(6):289-304.   Published online November 14, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.10.04
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
The Asian Thyroid Working Group was founded in 2017 at the 12th Asia Oceania Thyroid Association (AOTA) Congress in Busan, Korea. This group activity aims to characterize Asian thyroid nodule practice and establish strict diagnostic criteria for thyroid carcinomas, a reporting system for thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology without the aid of gene panel tests, and new clinical guidelines appropriate to conservative Asian thyroid nodule practice based on scientific evidence obtained from Asian patient cohorts. Asian thyroid nodule practice is usually designed for patient-centered clinical practice, which is based on the Hippocratic Oath, “First do not harm patients,” and an oriental filial piety “Do not harm one’s own body because it is a precious gift from parents,” which is remote from defensive medical practice in the West where physicians, including pathologists, suffer from severe malpractice climate. Furthermore, Asian practice emphasizes the importance of resource management in navigating the overdiagnosis of low-risk thyroid carcinomas. This article summarizes the Asian Thyroid Working Group activities in the past 7 years, from 2017 to 2023, highlighting the diversity of thyroid nodule practice between Asia and the West and the background reasons why Asian clinicians and pathologists modified Western systems significantly.
A stepwise approach to fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes
Yosep Chong, Gyeongsin Park, Hee Jeong Cha, Hyun-Jung Kim, Chang Suk Kang, Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar, Seung-Sook Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(4):196-207.   Published online July 11, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.06.12
  • 6,443 View
  • 580 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
The cytological diagnosis of lymph node lesions is extremely challenging because of the diverse diseases that cause lymph node enlargement, including both benign and malignant or metastatic lymphoid lesions. Furthermore, the cytological findings of different lesions often resemble one another. A stepwise diagnostic approach is essential for a comprehensive diagnosis that combines: clinical findings, including age, sex, site, multiplicity, and ultrasonography findings; low-power reactive, metastatic, and lymphoma patterns; high-power population patterns, including two populations of continuous range, small monotonous pattern and large monotonous pattern; and disease-specific diagnostic clues including granulomas and lymphoglandular granules. It is also important to remember the histological features of each diagnostic category that are common in lymph node cytology and to compare them with cytological findings. It is also essential to identify a few categories of diagnostic pitfalls that often resemble lymphomas and easily lead to misdiagnosis, particularly in malignant small round cell tumors, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, and nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma. Herein, we review a stepwise approach for fine needle aspiration cytology of lymphoid diseases and suggest a diagnostic algorithm that uses this approach and the Sydney classification system.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Immunocytochemical markers, molecular testing and digital cytopathology for aspiration cytology of metastatic breast carcinoma
    Joshua J. X. Li, Gary M. Tse
    Cytopathology.2024; 35(2): 218.     CrossRef
  • Response to comment on “A stepwise approach to fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes”
    Yosep Chong, Gyeongsin Park, Hee Jeong Cha, Hyun-Jung Kim, Chang Suk Kang, Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar, Seung-Sook Lee
    Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2024; 58(1): 43.     CrossRef
  • Comment on “A stepwise approach to fine needle aspiration cytology of lymph nodes”
    Elisabetta Maffei, Valeria Ciliberti, Pio Zeppa, Alessandro Caputo
    Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2024; 58(1): 40.     CrossRef
Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: its updated diagnostic criteria, preoperative cytologic diagnoses and impact on the risk of malignancy
Hee Young Na, So Yeon Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):319-325.   Published online November 9, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.09.29
  • 2,158 View
  • 171 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Due to the extremely indolent behavior, a subset of noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas has been classified as “noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)” since 2016 and is no longer considered carcinoma. Since the introduction of this new terminology, changes and refinements have been made in diagnostic criteria. Initially, the incidence of NIFTP was estimated substantial. However, the reported incidence of NIFTP varies greatly among studies and regions, with higher incidence in North American and European countries than in Asian countries. Thus, the changes in the risk of malignancy (ROM) in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) differ inevitably among regions. Because more conservative surgery is recommended for NIFTPs, distinguishing NIFTPs from papillary thyroid carcinomas in preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology became one of the major concerns. This review will provide comprehensive overview of updates on diagnostic criteria, actual incidence and preoperative cytologic diagnoses of NIFTP, and its impact on the ROM in TBSRTC.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules – Diagnosis and management strategies
    Tapoi Dana Antonia, Lambrescu Ioana Maria, Gheorghisan-Galateanu Ancuta-Augustina
    Pathology - Research and Practice.2023; 246: 154516.     CrossRef
  • Reevaluating diagnostic categories and associated malignancy risks in thyroid core needle biopsy
    Chan Kwon Jung
    Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(4): 208.     CrossRef
  • Strategies for Treatment of Thyroid Cancer
    Deepika Yadav, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Rishabha Malviya, Prem Shankar Mishra
    Current Drug Targets.2023; 24(5): 406.     CrossRef
  • Identification of NIFTP-Specific mRNA Markers for Reliable Molecular Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors
    So-Yeon Lee, Jong-Lyul Park, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jae-Yoon Kim, Seon-Young Kim, Chan Kwon Jung
    Endocrine Pathology.2023; 34(3): 311.     CrossRef
The application of high-throughput proteomics in cytopathology
Ilias P. Nikas, Han Suk Ryu
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(6):309-318.   Published online November 9, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.08.30
  • 2,115 View
  • 121 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
High-throughput genomics and transcriptomics are often applied in routine pathology practice to facilitate cancer diagnosis, assess prognosis, and predict response to therapy. However, the proteins rather than nucleic acids are the functional molecules defining the cellular phenotype in health and disease, whereas genomic profiling cannot evaluate processes such as the RNA splicing or posttranslational modifications and gene expression does not necessarily correlate with protein expression. Proteomic applications have recently advanced, overcoming the issue of low depth, inconsistency, and suboptimal accuracy, also enabling the use of minimal patient-derived specimens. This review aims to present the recent evidence regarding the use of high-throughput proteomics in both exfoliative and fine-needle aspiration cytology. Most studies used mass spectrometry, as this is associated with high depth, sensitivity, and specificity, and aimed to complement the traditional cytomorphologic diagnosis, in addition to identify novel cancer biomarkers. Examples of diagnostic dilemmas subjected to proteomic analysis included the evaluation of indeterminate thyroid nodules or prediction of lymph node metastasis from thyroid cancer, also the differentiation between benign and malignant serous effusions, pancreatic cancer from autoimmune pancreatitis, non-neoplastic from malignant biliary strictures, and benign from malignant salivary gland tumors. A few cancer biomarkers—related to diverse cancers involving the breast, thyroid, bladder, lung, serous cavities, salivary glands, and bone marrow—were also discovered. Notably, residual liquid-based cytology samples were suitable for satisfactory and reproducible proteomic analysis. Proteomics could become another routine pathology platform in the near future, potentially by using validated multi-omics protocols.

Citations

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  • Identification of NIFTP-Specific mRNA Markers for Reliable Molecular Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors
    So-Yeon Lee, Jong-Lyul Park, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jae-Yoon Kim, Seon-Young Kim, Chan Kwon Jung
    Endocrine Pathology.2023; 34(3): 311.     CrossRef
Case Study
Papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas coexisting in the same lobe, first suspected based on fine-needle aspiration cytology: a case report
Hyun Hee Koh, Young Lyun Oh
J Pathol Transl Med. 2022;56(5):301-308.   Published online September 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2022.08.03
  • 1,291 View
  • 80 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Because different types of thyroid malignancies have distinct embryological origins, coexisting tumors are rarely observed. We describe a coexisting papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) first suspected by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). A 57-year-old female presented with an irregular mass in the right thyroid lobe. The cytopathologic findings of fine-needle aspiration showed two components: a papillary-like arrangement consisting of cells with pale enlarged nuclei indicative of PTC and loose clusters comprised of oval cells with granular chromatin indicative of MTC. The diagnosis of a coexisting PTC and MTC was initially confirmed by calcitonin immunocytochemistry and later after total thyroidectomy. Although some surgical case reports of PTC and MTC coexisting in either the same or different lobes have been documented, a case suspected by FNAC before the surgery has rarely been reported. Because appropriate treatment and prognosis of PTC and MTC are different, cytopathologists should be aware of this rare entity.

Citations

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  • Dedifferentiated Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterine Corpus with Heterologous Component: Clinicopathological Analysis of Five Consecutive Cases from a Single Institution and Comprehensive Literature Review
    Suyeon Kim, Hyunsik Bae, Hyun-Soo Kim
    Diagnostics.2024; 14(2): 160.     CrossRef
Original Article
Causes of necrotic features in fine-needle aspirates from cervical lymph nodes
Young Jin Seo, Hyeongchan Shin, Hye Won Lee, Hye Ra Jung
J Pathol Transl Med. 2021;55(1):60-67.   Published online November 27, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.09.28
  • 6,174 View
  • 153 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Lymph node fine-needle aspiration (LN FNA) cytology indicates necrosis in various diseases. Dominant necrotic features make the diagnosis of underlying conditions very difficult.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 460 patients who underwent cervical LN aspiration cytology that revealed necrotic findings at Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital in Daegu, Korea, from 2003–2017. Each specimen was evaluated and analyzed in association with the clinical findings, biopsy findings, and/or other ancillary tests, including acid-fast bacilli staining and molecular testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Results
When necrotic features were noted upon cervical LN FNA cytology, the most common pathologic LN FNA category was necrosis alone (31.5%). The second most common category was granulomatous inflammation (31.3%), followed by Kikuchi disease (20.0%) and malignant neoplasm (8.7%). In cases where the cervical LN FNA revealed necrosis alone, the most common final diagnosis was tuberculosis. In young patients, Kikuchi disease should be considered as one cervical LN FNA category, while metastatic carcinoma should be suspected in older patients.
Conclusions
Even when necrosis alone is observed in LN FNA cytology, it is important to determine the cause through further evaluation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis
    Hayelom Berhe, Mahesh Kumar Cinthakunta Sridhar, Mulate Zerihun, Nir Qvit
    Pharmaceutics.2024; 16(2): 227.     CrossRef
  • Does the Necrotic Portion of Metastatic Lymphadenopathy from Squamous Cell Carcinoma Still Have Tumoral Oncologic Information? Differential Diagnosis of Benign Necrotic Lymphadenopathy Using microRNA
    Eun Shin, Seung Hoon Han, Il-Seok Park, Jee Hye Wee, Joong Seob Lee, Heejin Kim
    Biomedicines.2023; 11(9): 2407.     CrossRef
  • Impact of HPV status in T1–2 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with bulky N3 nodes: a multicenter GETTEC study
    Charles Hurel, Florent Carsuzaa, Julia Salleron, Philippe Gorphe, Christian Righini, Maximilien Rogé, Erwan de Mones, Sylvain Morinière, Sébastien Vergez, Juliette Thariat, Xavier Dufour
    European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2023; 280(2): 847.     CrossRef
Reviews
Pathologic interpretation of endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration cytology/biopsy for pancreatic lesions
Haeryoung Kim, Kee-Taek Jang
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):367-377.   Published online August 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.07.21
  • 4,914 View
  • 182 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Pathologic interpretation of endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytology/biopsy specimens is one of the most challenging tasks in cytology and surgical pathology practice, as the procedure often yields minimal amounts of diagnostic material and contains contaminants, such as blood cells and normal intestinal mucosa. EUS-FNA cytology/biopsy will nevertheless become a more popular procedure for evaluation of various pancreatic lesions because they are difficult to approach with conventional endoscopic procedures. Pathologists should understand the structural differences and limitations of EUS-FNA that make pathologic diagnosis difficult. Ancillary tests are available for differential diagnosis of EUS-FNA for various pancreatic lesions. Immunostains are the most commonly used ancillary tests, and pathologists should able to choose the necessary panel for differential diagnosis. Pathologists should review clinical history and radiologic and/or EUS findings before selecting an immunostain panel and making a pathologic diagnosis. In addition, one’s threshold of malignancy should be adjusted according to the appropriate clinical setting to avoid under-evaluation of pathologic diagnoses. Clinico-pathologic correlation is essential in pathologic evaluation of EUS-FNA for pancreatic lesions. Pathologists can reduce errors by correlating clinical and radiologic findings when evaluating EUS-FNA. Some molecular tests can be applied in differential diagnosis of pancreatic neoplastic and cystic lesions. Molecular data should be used as supportive evidence of a specific disease entity, rather than direct evidence, and should be correlated with clinico-pathologic findings to avoid errors in pathologic diagnosis.

Citations

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  • A prospective randomized noninferiority trial comparing conventional smears and SurePathTM liquid-based cytology in endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling of esophageal, gastric, and duodenal lesions
    Jae Chang Jun, Sang Hyub Lee, Han Myung Lee, Sang Gyun Kim, Hyunsoo Chung, Joo Seong Kim, Namyoung Park, Jin Ho Choi, Yoonjin Kwak, Soo-Jeong Cho
    Medicine.2023; 102(29): e34321.     CrossRef
  • Double Ki-67 and synaptophysin labeling in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor biopsies
    Bokyung Ahn, Jin Kying Jung, HaeSung Jung, Yeon-Mi Ryu, Yeon Wook Kim, Tae Jun Song, Do Hyun Park, Dae wook Hwang, HyungJun Cho, Sang-Yeob Kim, Seung-Mo Hong
    Pancreatology.2022; 22(3): 427.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration with 19-Gauge and 22-Gauge Needles for Solid Pancreatic Lesions
    Changjuan Li, Jianwei Mi, Fulai Gao, Xinying Zhu, Miao Su, Xiaoli Xie, Dongqiang Zhao
    International Journal of General Medicine.2021; Volume 14: 10439.     CrossRef
Thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology in Taiwan: a nationwide survey and literature update
Chien-Chin Chen, Jen-Fan Hang, Chih-Yi Liu, Yeh-Han Wang, Chiung-Ru Lai
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):361-366.   Published online August 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.07.17
  • 3,641 View
  • 139 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
In Taiwan, thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology is easily accessible and reliable for evaluating thyroid nodules. The sonographic pattern plays a major role and is the deciding factor for aspiration. We conducted a nationwide survey in 2017 and it revealed that 31% of laboratories had adopted The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. There was a relatively high unsatisfactory rate (24.04%) and low rates of indeterminate diagnoses, including atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesions of undetermined significance: 4.87%, and follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm: 0.35%. Moreover, the risks of malignancy in benign, atypia of undetermined significance, and suspicious for a follicular neoplasm were relatively high. These may reflect strict diagnostic criteria for indeterminate categories and better patient selection for surgery. Improvements in specimen sampling and continuing education programs are crucial. Newly-developed thyroid cytology technologies, such as immunocytochemistry, molecular testing, and computerized cytomorphometry, may further facilitate cytology diagnoses.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Comparison of fine-needle aspiration with fine-needle capillary cytology in thyroid nodules
    H Hatami, M Samsami, S Movahedinia, B Salehi, M Movahedinia, M Ardeshir
    The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England.2023; 105(2): 162.     CrossRef
  • Identification of NIFTP-Specific mRNA Markers for Reliable Molecular Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors
    So-Yeon Lee, Jong-Lyul Park, Kwangsoon Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Jae-Yoon Kim, Seon-Young Kim, Chan Kwon Jung
    Endocrine Pathology.2023; 34(3): 311.     CrossRef
  • Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: its updated diagnostic criteria, preoperative cytologic diagnoses and impact on the risk of malignancy
    Hee Young Na, So Yeon Park
    Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2022; 56(6): 319.     CrossRef
  • Thyroid malignancy rates according to the Bethesda reporting system in Israel - A multicenter study
    Ory Madgar, Galit Avior, Isaac Shochat, Ben-Zion Joshua, Lior Baraf, Yuval Avidor, Avi khafif, Niddal Assadi, Eran E. Alon
    European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2021; 47(6): 1370.     CrossRef
Original Articles
A retrospective cytohistological correlation of fine-needle aspiration cytology with classification by the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology
Ji Hyun Park, Yoon Jin Cha, Ja Yeong Seo, Jae Yol Lim, Soon Won Hong
J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(5):419-425.   Published online July 8, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.06.09
  • 4,137 View
  • 163 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Before publication of the new classification system named the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) in 2018, there was no standard classification for salivary gland lesions obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). We therefore aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of this system by retrospectively reviewing FNA samples using the MSRSGC and to determine their risk of developing into neoplasms and becoming malignant.
Methods
Retrospective slide review and classification of salivary gland FNAs obtained over a 6-year period (2013–2018) at a single center were performed by two pathologists. The risks of neoplasm and malignancy for each category also were calculated.
Results
This study surveyed 374 FNAs (371 patients) performed over a six-year period and selected 148 cases that included documented surgical follow-up (39.6%). Among the surgically treated cases, the distributions of FNA categories were as follows: non-diagnostic (ND; 16.9%), non-neoplastic (NN; 2.7%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS; 3.4%), benign (BN; 54.7%), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP; 10.1%), suspicious for malignancy (SM; 6.8%), and malignant (M; 5.4%). The risk of malignancy (ROM) was 24.0% for ND, 0% for NN, 40.0% for AUS, 2.5% for BN, 46.7% for SUMP, 100% for SM, and 87.5% for M. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 95.9% (142/148 cases).
Conclusions
The newly proposed MSRSGC appears to be a reliable system for classification of salivary gland lesions according to the associated ROM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Salivary gland fine-needle aspiration biopsy: quality assurance results from a tertiary cancer center
    Fanni Ratzon, Dominique L. Feliciano, Nora Katabi, Bin Xu, Oscar Lin, Xiao-Jun Wei
    Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology.2023; 12(3): 206.     CrossRef
  • Cytohistological correlation and risk stratification of salivary gland lesions using the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: A tertiary care centre experience
    Tarun Kumar, Prerna Tewari, Jitendra Singh Nigam, Shreekant Bharti, Surabhi, Ruchi Sinha, Punam Prasad Bhadani
    Cytopathology.2023; 34(3): 225.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Risk of Malignancy of Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology in Salivary Gland Lesions Using the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology Categorization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    Amit Kumar, Subhash Chandra, Bishnupati Singh, Swati Sharma, Ankita Tandon, Ajoy Kumar Shahi
    The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice.2023; 23(10): 1039.     CrossRef
  • Milan Sınıflandırma Sistemi’ne Göre Değerlendirilen Tükürük Bezi İnce İğne Aspirasyon Sitolojilerinin Histopatolojik Tanı Uyumu
    Özlem SARAYDAROĞLU, Selin YİRMİBEŞ
    Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 49(3): 285.     CrossRef
  • Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology: Adoption and outcomes in a community setting
    Samih J. Nassif, Ali R. Sasani, Garrey T. Faller, Jennifer L. Harb, Jagdish K. Dhingra
    Head & Neck.2022; 44(6): 1462.     CrossRef
  • Nondiagnostic salivary gland FNAs are associated with decreased risk of malignancy compared with “all‐comer” patients: Analysis of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology with a focus on Milan I: Nondiagnostic
    Shu K. Lui, Troy Tenney, Patrick C. Mullane, Kartik Viswanathan, Daniel J. Lubin
    Cancer Cytopathology.2022; 130(10): 800.     CrossRef
  • Application of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Zhaoyang Wang, Huan Zhao, Huiqin Guo, Changming An
    Cancer Cytopathology.2022; 130(11): 849.     CrossRef
  • Multiplexed single‐cell analysis of FNA allows accurate diagnosis of salivary gland tumors
    Juhyun Oh, Tae Yeon Yoo, Talia M. Saal, Lisa Tsay, William C. Faquin, Jonathan C.T. Carlson, Daniel G. Deschler, Sara I. Pai, Ralph Weissleder
    Cancer Cytopathology.2022; 130(8): 581.     CrossRef
  • Cytologic analysis of vitreous fluids: A retrospective review of our 24 years of experience
    Gabriel L. Collins, Elizabeth W. Hubbard, Christopher T. Clark, Lisa D. Duncan, Laurentia Nodit
    Diagnostic Cytopathology.2021; 49(10): 1122.     CrossRef
The Usefulness of Immunocytochemistry of CD56 in Determining Malignancy from Indeterminate Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
Hyunseo Cha, Ju Yeon Pyo, Soon Won Hong
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(6):404-410.   Published online October 15, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.09.20
  • 6,695 View
  • 155 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Fine-needle aspiration cytology serves as a safe, economical tool in evaluating thyroid nodules. However, about 30% of the samples are categorized as indeterminate. Hence, many immunocytochemistry markers have been studied, but there has not been a single outstanding marker. We studied the efficacy of CD56 with human bone marrow endothelial cell marker-1 (HBME-1) in diagnosis in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) category III.
Methods
We reviewed ThinPrep liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples with Papanicolaou stain from July 1 to December 31, 2016 (2,195 cases) and selected TBSRTC category III cases (n = 363). Twenty-six cases were histologically confirmed as benign (six cases, 23%) or malignant (20 cases, 77%); we stained 26 LBC slides with HBME-1 and CD56 through the cell transfer method. For evaluation of reactivity of immunocytochemistry, we chose atypical follicular cell clusters.
Results
CD56 was not reactive in 18 of 20 cases (90%) of malignant nodules and showed cytoplasmic positivity in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. CD56 showed high sensitivity (90.0%) and relatively low specificity (83.3%) in detecting malignancy (p = .004). HBME-1 was reactive in 17 of 20 cases (85%) of malignant nodules and was not reactive in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. HBME-1 showed slightly lower sensitivity (85.0%) than CD56. The specificity in detecting malignancy by HBME-1 was similar to that of CD56 (83.3%, p = .008). CD56 and HBME-1 tests combined showed lower sensitivity (75.0% vs 90%) and higher specificity (93.8% vs 83.3%) in detecting malignancy compared to using CD56 alone.
Conclusions
Using CD56 alone showed relatively low specificity despite high sensitivity for detecting malignancy. Combining CD56 with HBME-1 could increase the specificity. Thus, we suggest that CD56 could be a useful preoperative marker for differential diagnosis of TBSRTC category III samples.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules – Diagnosis and management strategies
    Tapoi Dana Antonia, Lambrescu Ioana Maria, Gheorghisan-Galateanu Ancuta-Augustina
    Pathology - Research and Practice.2023; 246: 154516.     CrossRef
  • Immunocytochemistry in thyroid cytology and its multiple roles: a systematic review
    Federica Policardo, Pietro Tralongo, Angela Feraco, Federica Vegni, Angela Carlino, Alfredo Pontecorvi, Celestino Pio Lombardi, Marco Raffaelli, Francesco Pierconti, Luigi Maria Larocca, Esther Diana Rossi
    Diagnostic Histopathology.2023; 29(8): 386.     CrossRef
  • Paving the path toward multi-omics approaches in the diagnostic challenges faced in thyroid pathology
    Isabella Piga, Vincenzo L’Imperio, Giulia Capitoli, Vanna Denti, Andrew Smith, Fulvio Magni, Fabio Pagni
    Expert Review of Proteomics.2023; 20(12): 419.     CrossRef
  • CD56 Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Is Highly Dependent on the Histologic Subtype: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall
    Uiju Cho, Yourha Kim, Sora Jeon, Chan Kwon Jung
    Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology.2022; 30(5): 389.     CrossRef
Cytologic Diagnosis of Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features and Its Impact on the Risk of Malignancy in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: An Institutional Experience
Milim Kim, Joung Eun Kim, Hyun Jeong Kim, Yul Ri Chung, Yoonjin Kwak, So Yeon Park
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(3):171-178.   Published online April 3, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.04.03
  • 8,875 View
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  • 23 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
This study was performed to analyze cytologic diagnosis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) and its impact on the risk of malignancy (ROM) in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC).
Methods
Five thousand five hundred and forty-nine cases of thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) diagnosed between 2012 and 2014 were included in this study. Diagnostic categories based on TBSRTC were compared with final surgical diagnoses, and the ROM in each category was calculated both when NIFTP was included in malignant lesions and when excluded from malignant lesions.
Results
Of the 5,549 thyroid FNAC cases, 1,891 cases underwent surgical resection. In final diagnosis, 1,700 cases were revealed as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and 25 cases were reclassified as NIFTP. The cytologic diagnoses of NIFTP were non-diagnostic in one, benign in five, atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) in 14, follicular neoplasm in two, and suspicious for malignancy in three cases. Collectively, NIFTP/encapsulated follicular variant of PTC (EFVPTC) were more frequently classified as benign, AUS, or follicular neoplasm and less frequently categorized as malignant compared to conventional PTCs. Exclusion of NIFTP from malignant diagnoses resulted in a slight decrease in malignancy rates in non-diagnostic, benign, AUS, follicular neoplasm, and suspicious for malignancy categories without any statistical significance.
Conclusions
The decrease in the ROM was not significant when NIFTP was excluded from malignant lesions. In thyroid FNACs, NIFTP/EFVPTCs were mostly classified into indeterminate categories. Therefore, it might be feasible to separate NIFTP/EFVPTC from conventional PTC on FNAC to guide clinicians to conservative management for patients with NIFTP/EFVPTC.

Citations

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  • Spatial transcriptomics reveals prognosis‐associated cellular heterogeneity in the papillary thyroid carcinoma microenvironment
    Kai Yan, Qing‐Zhi Liu, Rong‐Rong Huang, Yi‐Hua Jiang, Zhen‐Hua Bian, Si‐Jin Li, Liang Li, Fei Shen, Koichi Tsuneyama, Qing‐Ling Zhang, Zhe‐Xiong Lian, Haixia Guan, Bo Xu
    Clinical and Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cytological features of “Non-invasive follicular tumour with papillary like nuclear features” – A single institutional experience in India
    K Amita, HB Rakshitha, M Sanjay, Prashantha Kalappa
    Journal of Cytology.2023; 40(1): 28.     CrossRef
  • Detailed fine needle aspiration cytopathology findings of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features with nuclear grading correlated to that of biopsy and Bethesda category and systematic review
    Sevgiye Kaçar Özkara, Gupse Turan
    Diagnostic Cytopathology.2023; 51(12): 758.     CrossRef
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    Elina Haaga, David Kalfert, Marie Ludvíková, Ivana Kholová
    Acta Cytologica.2022; 66(2): 85.     CrossRef
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    Hee Young Na, So Yeon Park
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    Soon-Hyun Ahn
    Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology.2021; 14(1): 116.     CrossRef
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    Jong-Lyul Park, Sora Jeon, Eun-Hye Seo, Dong Hyuck Bae, Young Mun Jeong, Yourha Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Seon-Kyu Kim, Chan Kwon Jung, Yong Sung Kim
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Cytological Features That Differentiate Follicular Neoplasm from Mimicking Lesions
Kanghee Han, Hwa-Jeong Ha, Joon Seog Kong, Jung-Soon Kim, Jae Kyung Myung, Jae Soo Koh, Sunhoo Park, Myung-Soon Shin, Woo-Tack Song, Hye Sil Seol, Seung-Sook Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(2):110-120.   Published online January 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2018.01.17
  • 12,845 View
  • 179 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
It is difficult to correctly diagnose follicular neoplasms (FNs) on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) because it shares many cytological features with other mimicking lesions. The aim of this study was to identify the cytological features that differentiate FNs from mimicking lesions.
Methods
We included the cytological slides from 116 cases of thyroid FN diagnosed on FNAC, and included their subsequent histological diagnoses. We evaluated the cytological architectural pattern and nuclear features of the lesions according to their histological groups.
Results
The final histological diagnoses of the 116 cases varied, and included 51 FNs (44%), 47 papillary thyroid carcinomas (40%) including follicular variant, and seventeen cellular nodular hyperplasias (15%). Regardless of the final histological diagnosis, microfollicular pattern was observed in most cases. On the other hand, trabecular pattern was identified in 34% of FNs, but not in any other lesions. Additionally, elongated nuclei and ground glass chromatin were found in only some papillary thyroid carcinomas.
Conclusions
This study shows that the trabecular pattern is a representative cytological feature of FNs that can be used to distinguish FNs from mimicking lesions. In addition, nuclear shape and chromatin pattern can be used to further confirm the diagnosis of FNs from mimicking lesions through FNAC.

Citations

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    Heeseung Sohn, Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung
    Cytopathology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Gizem AKKAŞ AKGÜN, Figen ASLAN
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    Jong-Lyul Park, Sora Jeon, Eun-Hye Seo, Dong Hyuck Bae, Young Mun Jeong, Yourha Kim, Ja Seong Bae, Seon-Kyu Kim, Chan Kwon Jung, Yong Sung Kim
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    Hee Young Na, Jae Hoon Moon, June Young Choi, Hyeong Won Yu, Woo-Jin Jeong, Yeo Koon Kim, Ji-Young Choe, So Yeon Park, Paula Soares
    PLOS ONE.2020; 15(11): e0241597.     CrossRef
Importance of Individual Ghost Cells in Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Diagnosis of Pilomatricoma
Kanghee Han, Hwa-Jeong Ha, Joon Seog Kong, Jae Kyung Myung, Sunhoo Park, Jung-Soon Kim, Myung-Soon Shin, Hye Sil Seol, Jae Soo Koh, Seung-Sook Lee
J Pathol Transl Med. 2018;52(1):45-50.   Published online January 15, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.10.18
  • 7,338 View
  • 141 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Although histological diagnosis of pilomatricoma is not difficult because of its unique histological features, cytological diagnosis through fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is often problematic due to misdiagnoses as malignancy.
Methods
We reviewed the cytological features of 14 cases of histologically-proven pilomatricoma from Korea Cancer Center Hospital, with a discussion on the diagnostic pitfalls of FNAC.
Results
Among 14 cases of pilomatricoma, 10 (71.4%) were correctly diagnosed through FNAC, and two (14.3%) were misdiagnosed as carcinoma. Cytologically, all cases had easily recognizable clusters of basaloid cells and foreign body-type multinucleated cells. Although ghost cells were also found in all cases, some were inconspicuous and hardly recognizable due to their small numbers.
Conclusions
An accurate diagnosis of pilomatricoma in FNAC is feasible with consideration of clinical information and close examination of ghost cells.

Citations

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  • A case of pilomatricoma with suspected malignancy diagnosed by intraoperative rapid cytological diagnosis
    Miho YOSHIDA-TANAKA, Kazuya KURAOKA, Naoko YASUMURA, Arisa KAN, Yumi SAIKI, Akihiro KAGAWA, Akihisa SAITO, Kiyomi TANIYAMA
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Reviews
Current Status of Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Practice in Thailand
Somboon Keelawat, Samreung Rangdaeng, Supinda Koonmee, Tikamporn Jitpasutham, Andrey Bychkov
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(6):565-570.   Published online November 15, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.08.12
  • 6,565 View
  • 135 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Thyroid carcinoma is one of the leading malignancies in Thailand increasingly prevalent in the female population. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a widely used diagnostic tool for evaluation of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Thyroid FNA is a routine procedure universally performed in Thai hospitals by a variety of clinical specialists. Manual guidance is the first-line choice complemented by ultrasound assistance in selected cases. Despite national guidelines recommendations, the diagnostic criteria and terminology of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) was slowly adopted in the local settings. Currently, the Bethesda system is actively promoted by the local professional societies as a uniform reporting system. Experience with thyroid FNA has been rarely reported to date—only a handful of publications are available in local journals. Our review, in addition to presenting various aspects of thyroid FNA in Thailand, established for the first time national references for a certain statistical outputs of TBSRTC based on the original multi-institutional cohort. The risk of malignancy in 2,017 operated thyroid nodules collected from three tertiary thyroid cancer centers was 21.7%, 14.7%, 35.9%, 44.4%, 76.7%, and 92.6% for categories I to VI, respectively. The malignancy risk in several diagnostic categories (II to IV) was higher than the risk estimated by TBSRTC and recent meta-analysis studies. We endorse the use of uniform terminology of the Bethesda system in Thailand, which will help facilitate communication among diverse medical professionals involved in the management of patients with thyroid nodules, to share local experience with the international audience.

Citations

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  • The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023
    Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai
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The Use of Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology in Patients with Thyroid Nodules in Asia: A Brief Overview of Studies from the Working Group of Asian Thyroid FNA Cytology
Chan Kwon Jung, SoonWon Hong, Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(6):571-578.   Published online October 27, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.10.19
  • 9,893 View
  • 178 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is the most widely used screening and diagnostic method for thyroid nodules. Although Western guidelines for managing thyroid nodules and the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology are widely available throughout Asia, the clinical practices in Asia vary from those of Western countries. Accordingly, the Working Group of Asian Thyroid FNA Cytology encouraged group members to publish their works jointly with the same topic. The articles in this special issue focused on the history of thyroid FNA, FNA performers and interpreters, training programs of cytopathologists and cytotechnicians, staining methods, the reporting system of thyroid FNA, quality assurance programs, ancillary testing, and literature review of their own country’s products. Herein, we provide a brief overview of thyroid FNA practices in China, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand.

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