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Sarcoma metastasis to the pancreas: experience at a single institution
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Original Article
Sarcoma metastasis to the pancreas: experience at a single institution
Miseon Lee1orcid, Joon Seon Song1orcid, Seung-Mo Hong1orcid, Se Jin Jang1orcid, Jihun Kim1orcid, Ki Byung Song2orcid, Jae Hoon Lee2orcid, Kyung-Ja Cho, MD, PhD,1orcid
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine 2020;54(3):220-227.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2020.03.04
Published online: April 22, 2020

1Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

2Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding Author: Kyung-Ja Cho, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-4545, Fax: +82-2-472-7898, E-mail: 'kjc@amc.seoul.kr'
• Received: January 20, 2020   • Revised: February 26, 2020   • Accepted: March 4, 2020

© 2020 The Korean Society of Pathologists/The Korean Society for Cytopathology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Background
    Reports of metastatic sarcoma to the pancreas are limited. We reviewed the clinicopathologic characteristics of such cases.
  • Methods
    We reviewed 124 cases of metastatic tumors to the pancreas diagnosed at Asan Medical Center between 2000 and 2017.
  • Results
    Metastatic tumors to the pancreas consisted of 111 carcinomas (89.5%), 12 sarcomas (9.6%), and one melanoma (0.8%). Primary sarcoma sites were bone (n=4); brain, lung, and soft tissue (n=2 for each); and the uterus and pulmonary vein (n=1 for each). Pathologically, the 12 sarcomas comprised 2 World Health Organization grade III solitary fibrous tumors/hemangiopericytomas, and one case each of synovial sarcoma, malignant solitary fibrous tumor, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, osteosarcoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, intimal sarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, subtype uncertain, and high-grade spindle-cell sarcoma of uncertain type. The median interval between primary cancer diagnosis and pancreatic metastasis was 28.5 months. One case manifested as a solitary pancreatic osteosarcoma metastasis 15 months prior to detection of osteosarcoma in the femur and was initially misdiagnosed as sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas.
  • Conclusions
    The metastatic sarcoma should remain a differential diagnosis when spindle-cell malignancy is found in the pancreas, even for solitary lesions or in patients without prior history.
Most pancreatic tumors are primary, and the majority are adenocarcinomas of ductal origin [1,2]. Although direct invasion of the pancreas by adjacent aggressive tumors is often observed, pancreatic metastasis from distant primary sites is very rare [1,3]. Metastatic pancreatic cancer accounts for less than 2% of all pancreatic malignancies [4,5]. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the pancreas [4,5]. Other common tumors are colorectal cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, and sarcoma [4]. Among these, cases of metastatic sarcoma to the pancreas are limited [4]. Metastatic sarcoma to the pancreas may present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its rarity and the difficulty in distinguishing between primary and metastatic tumors based on their radiologic features, especially for solitary mass [3,6]. Furthermore, tumors located in the body or tail of the pancreas often present with no symptoms [3,7]. Therapeutic approaches can vary greatly between primary pancreatic cancer and metastatic sarcoma [3,4,8-10]. With continued improvements in treatment and survival for sarcoma patients, the frequency of detection of metastasis to unusual sites is increasing [11]. However, the index of suspicion for metastatic sarcoma in the pancreas is still very low, and a standard management regimen for metastatic pancreatic sarcoma has not been established. Prolonged survival after surgery for isolated or resectable pancreatic metastatic sarcoma has been reported [10,12-16].
In this paper, we present 12 cases of metastatic sarcoma to the pancreas and report their clinical and histologic features.
One hundred twenty-four cases of metastasis to the pancreas diagnosed by biopsy (n = 49, 39.5%) or surgical resection (n = 75, 60.5%) at Asan Medical Center between 2000 and 2017 were reviewed. Only distant metastatic tumors to the pancreas were included; adjacent tumors directly extending to the pancreas were excluded. Patient medical records were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate clinical presentation, treatment, and patient status. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of both primary tumors and pancreatic metastases were reviewed by two pathologists (M.L. and K.J.C.).
Ethics statement
This study was approved by the appropriate institutional review board (2020-0048), and the informed consent was waived.
The primary tumors of 124 patients with pancreatic metastases included 111 carcinomas (89.5%), 12 sarcomas (9.6%), and one melanoma (0.8%). The metastatic carcinomas (n = 111) were mainly renal cell carcinomas (n = 50, 40.3%), followed by lung cancer (n = 18; eight small-cell carcinomas, five adenocarcinomas, three squamous cell carcinomas, and two sarcomatoid carcinomas), colorectal cancer (n = 12, all adenocarcinomas), gastric cancer (n = 12; six tubular adenocarcinomas, three poorly cohesive carcinomas, two mucinous adenocarcinomas, and one hepatoid adenocarcinoma), ovarian or fallopian tube cancers (n = 7; six serous carcinomas and one clear-cell carcinoma), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 4), and other cancers (n = 8).
Of the 12 sarcoma patients, nine were female and three were male, with ages ranging from 20–70 years (Table 1). Among the primary lesions, the most common site was bone (n = 4); followed by brain, lung, soft tissue (n = 2 for each), uterus, and pulmonary vein (n = 1 each) (Table 1). Histologically, the sarcomas included two World Health Organization (WHO) grade III solitary fibrous tumors/hemangiopericytomas, and one case each of synovial sarcoma, malignant solitary fibrous tumor, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, osteosarcoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, intimal sarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, subtype uncertain, and high-grade spindle-cell sarcoma of uncertain type (Table 1). In the case of synovial sarcoma, the presence of an SYT-SSX fusion product was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
The primary tumor of case no. 8 arose in the medullary cavity of the metaphysis of the distal femur. The tumor destroyed the cortex and extended into the adjacent soft tissue. Clinically, osteosarcoma was highly suspected, but neoplastic bone formation, which is the essential diagnostic feature of osteosarcoma, was not observed in either primary or metastatic tumor. Thus, we diagnosed it as a high-grade spindle-cell sarcoma of uncertain type.
The median interval between primary sarcoma diagnosis and detection of pancreatic metastasis was 28.5 months. In one exceptional case, a pancreatic metastasis of an osteosarcoma manifested 15 months prior to detection of the osteosarcoma in the femur (Table 1). This patient first presented with abdominal pain, and abdominal computed tomography revealed a 2.5-cm mass-like lesion in the pancreatic tail. Other radiologic workup, such as imaging of the extremities, was not performed at that time. A 2.7-cm, ovoid, solid mass was identified during distal pancreatectomy (Fig. 1A). Microscopy revealed proliferation of pleomorphic spindle cells, numerous giant cells with infiltrative margins (Fig. 1B), high mitotic activity, and focal osteoid and bone formation (Fig. 1C). Vascular invasion was also identified (Fig. 1D). The tumor was diagnosed as a sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas. The patient was hospitalized with left leg pain 15 months after distal pancreatectomy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 9-cm mass in the left femur with fracture and adjacent soft-tissue extension (Fig. 1E). A biopsy was performed, revealing histologic features similar to those of the pancreatic mass (Fig. 1F). We concluded that the osteosarcoma of the femur had metastasized to the pancreas, and the original diagnosis of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas was incorrect.
Metastatic tumors were located in the body or tail of the pancreas (n = 8), the head of the pancreas (n = 3), and throughout the entire pancreas (n = 1) (Table 1). Nine cases were single masses, and three cases showed multiple masses. Pancreatic tumor size ranged from 2.5–19 cm (median, 2.7 cm) (Table 1). Primary lesions and pancreatic metastatic lesions (Fig. 2) showed similar histologic features except in one case in which about 30% of the round-cell components were present in the primary myxoid liposarcoma but not in the metastasis.
Primary tumors from 12 patients had undergone surgical resection: two patients with distant metastasis synchronously received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, six received postoperative or preoperative radiation therapy, and four received adjuvant chemotherapy (Table 1). The chemotherapy regimens varied, and several combinations of methotrexate, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and etoposide were used. In five patients, local recurrence of the primary lesions occurred prior to detection of pancreatic metastasis (Table 1).
After diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic lesions, nine of 12 patients underwent surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Five cases received postoperative radiation therapy or chemotherapy (Table 1). Lymphnode dissection was performed in eight cases, and none of the cases showed metastasis to the lymph nodes. After detection of pancreatic metastasis, eight patients died between 5–48 months, and four patients remained alive from 4–92 months (Table 1).
Sarcomas preferentially metastasize via the blood rather than the lymphatic system, and lung and bone tissue are the most frequent sites of metastatic sarcoma [17]. Lymph node metastasis is uncommon, but some histologic sarcoma types exhibit high metastasis rates via lymphatic drainage, including rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, clear-cell sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, and myxoid liposarcoma [18,19]. In our study, the absence of lymph node metastasis in all eight lymph node dissection cases suggests that metastatic sarcoma to the pancreas is more likely to occur via the blood than the lymphatic system. The connective interspaces and cavities such as the peritoneum or pleural space, in which tumor cells can become entrapped, are also possible routes of metastatic dissemination [18].
Synovial sarcoma metastasizes in approximately 50% of cases, and common metastatic sites are the lung and bone [12]. Unlike other sarcomas, spread to the lymph nodes is not infrequent (3%–23%) [12]. For disseminated disease, chemotherapy based on adriamycin and ifosfamide is usually attempted. Makino et al. [12] suggested that pancreatic metastasis from synovial sarcoma can be successfully treated by surgical resection in cases of solitary pancreatic lesions with no extra-pancreatic metastasis and a more than 3-year interval between diagnosis of the primary tumor and pancreatic metastasis. Only four cases of metastatic synovial sarcoma to the pancreas have been reported in the literature [5,10,12,20], making our case the fifth. The patient reported here was also treated by surgical resection. Our patient and the two patients described by Makino et al. [12] are doing well, without recurrence or distant metastasis for 92 months, 40 months, and 30 months after surgical resection, respectively.
Solitary fibrous tumors/hemangiopericytomas of the central nervous system (CNS) show two distinct histologic phenotypes, a solitary fibrous tumor phenotype and a hemangiopericytoma phenotype [21]. The hemangiopericytoma phenotype has a high recurrence rate (75%–90%) and a high rate of distant metastasis (20%–33%), especially to the liver, lung, and bone [14,21-24]. Both our cases showed the hemangiopericytoma phenotype and were grade III. The metastatic sites of these cases were the lung, bone, breast, and pancreas. A total of 18 cases of metastasis from the brain to the pancreas have been reported to date [14,25]. Interestingly, the interval between diagnosis of the primary tumor and development of pancreas metastasis was long (5.3–24 years, with a median of 10.13 years) [14,25]. After detection of pancreatic metastasis, eight patients died between 2.6–16 years, and seven patients lived for 3.4–25 years.
Outside the CNS, such as in the soft tissue, pleura, and other visceral sites, malignant solitary fibrous tumors showed increased cellularity and mitotic activity (> 4 per 10 high-powered fields). Metastatic malignant solitary fibrous tumors to the pancreas have been reported in two cases, one originating in the chest wall [13] and one originating in the kidney [26]. Our case originated in the lung.
Osteosarcoma has a high potential for metastasis [27]. The high incidence of metastasis is related to its strong propensity for early hematogenous spread [15,16,28]. Prolonged survival is possible with treatment including multi-centric chemotherapy and resection of the primary tumor [3,11,15,28]. This result is attributed to the delayed appearance of metastasis and increased metastasis incidence at unusual sites [11]. The common metastasis sites are the lung, bone, pleura, and liver [3,27,29]. Twelve cases of metastatic pancreatic osteosarcoma have been reported [3,6,11,15,16,27-32], making our case the thirteenth. The median interval between primary osteosarcoma diagnosis and development of pancreas metastasis was three years (range, -1.25 to 11 years), including our case, which was the first reported case with a pancreatic metastasis diagnosis prior to primary osteosarcoma diagnosis. Among the eight patients with available follow-up information, four who had undergone surgical resection of the pancreatic metastasis were alive for 7–13 months. Three patients died two weeks, three months, and 18 months after pancreatic metastasis development, respectively [3,28,29,32].
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma mainly metastasizes to the lungs [33]. Metastasis to the pancreas is extremely rare and has only been reported in six cases, making our case the seventh [1,10,33-36]. The primary site was extra-skeletal soft tissue (thigh, brain, buttock, or femoral vein) in five cases and bone (skull) in two cases. Among the four patients with available follow-up information, two were alive 6 years and 10 years after surgery for pancreatic metastasis, and two patients died 2 and 4 years after surgery.
Myxoid liposarcoma generally has a favorable prognosis. The round-cell content is a poor prognostic factor in this disease. The most common metastatic site is the abdomen, including the retroperitoneum, abdominal wall, and abdominal cavity, followed by bone [37,38]. Until now, metastasis to the pancreas has not been reported. Our case showed metastasis from the thigh to the bone and the pancreas. Microscopy showed round-cell content of approximately 30% in the primary lesion, but not in the metastatic lesion.
Myxofibrosarcoma was first described in 1977 as a myxoid variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and was reclassified as myxofibrosarcoma in 2013 by the WHO [39]. The most common metastatic site is the lung, followed by the pleura, lymph node, bone, and retroperitoneum [40,41]. In this report, a case of myxofibrosarcoma in the knee showed metastasis to the pancreas. Only two cases of pancreatic metastasis of a myxofibrosarcoma have been previously reported, although there are some papers that present cases of metastatic myxofibrosarcoma without describing the specific metastatic sites [40]. Some studies show that adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiation therapy may improve recurrence and metastasis in this indication.
In this study, we present several rare cases of metastatic sarcomas to the pancreas. This is the largest reported case series of pancreatic metastatic sarcomas to date. Metastatic sarcoma comprised 10% of pancreatic metastases, which is high given the overall sarcoma incidence. Furthermore, pancreatic metastasis may manifest as a primary solitary lesion before detection of the primary tumor. Intensive whole-body imaging screening is necessary in sarcoma patients, and metastasis should remain a differential diagnosis in pancreatic tumors with sarcomatoid features. Recently, the efficacy of surgical resection of pancreatic metastases was shown for sarcoma [10,12-16] as well as renal cell carcinoma [4]. Clinicians caring for patients with sarcoma should be aware of the potential for increased survival following surgical resection of the metastasis. This study will contribute to a better understanding of this unusual clinical circumstance and, thus, may lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: KJC.

Data curation: ML, KJC.

Formal analysis: ML, KJC.

Funding acquisition: KJC, SMH.

Investigation: ML, KJC.

Methodology: ML, KJC.

Project administration: ML.

Resources: JSS, SMH, SJJ, JK, KBS, JHL, KJC.

Supervision: KJC.

Validation: ML, KJC.

Visualization: ML.

Writing—original draft: ML, KJC.

Writing—review & editing: ML, KJC.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest.

Funding

No funding to declare.

Fig. 1.
Primary (A–D) and metastatic (E, F) osteosarcoma. (A) Gross photographs of a distal pancreatectomy specimen bisected along the main pancreatic duct. A well-defined 2.7-cm ovoid solid mass is observed in the tail of the pancreas. Metastatic osteosarcoma to the pancreas shows infiltrative margins (B) and consists of pleomorphic cells and multinucleated giant cells with bone formation and osteoid stroma (C). (D) Vascular invasion is noted. (E) T2-weighted coronal magnetic resonance imaging showing an approximately 9-cm soft tissue mass in the left femur (arrows). (F) The primary lesion of the femur shows similar features to the metastatic pancreatic lesion.
jptm-2020-03-04f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Metastatic sarcomas to the pancreas. (A) Synovial sarcoma from the lung with cellular fascicles of uniform spindle cells. (B) World Health Organization grade III solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma from the brain composed of spindle cells with prominent vascular structure. (C) Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma from the tibia with fascicular arrangement of atypical spindle cells. (D) High-grade spindle-cell sarcoma from the femur. (E) Intimal sarcoma from the pulmonary vein. (F) Myxofibrosarcoma from the knee showing prominent myxoid stroma and elongated, thin-walled blood vessels. (G) Myxoid liposarcoma from the thigh with abundant myxoid stroma, a delicate, arborizing capillary vasculature, and surrounding lipoblasts. (H) Rhabdomyosarcoma, subtype uncertain, from the uterus showing scattered eosinophilic rhabdomyoblasts.
jptm-2020-03-04f2.jpg
Table 1.
Clinicopathologic characteristics of primary sarcoma and pancreatic metastasis in 12 patients
Case No. Sex/age at pancreatic metastasis (yr) Primary tumor
Pathologic diagnosis Interval between primary tumor detection and pancreatic metastasis (mo) Pancreatic metastasis
Associated metastases Survival after pancreatic metastasis (mo)
Location Size (cm) Treatment Local recurrence Location No. of pancreatic metastases Size (largest, cm) Treatment Type of procedure Dead Alive
1 F/62 Lung 7.5 OP No Synovial sarcoma, FNCLCC grade 3 40 Body Single 2.7 NeoCTx + OP DP No - 92
2 M/45 Lung 7 OP Yes Malignant solitary fibrous tumor, FNCLCC grade 3 11 Tail Single 2.6 OP + RTx and CTx T Umbilicus, adrenal gland 24 -
3 F/48 Brain 7.5 OP + RTx Yes Solitary fibrous tumor/ hemangiopericytoma, WHO grade III 64 Body, tail Multiple 3.5 RTx + OP DP Bone (femur, tibia), breast, lung 31 -
4 F/70 Brain NA OP + RTx Yes Solitary fibrous tumor/ hemangiopericytoma, WHO grade III 135 Head Single 2.6 OP + RTx PPPD Bone (humerus), lung, - 41
5 F/58 Bone (tibia) 6 NeoCTx + OP + CTx No Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, FNCLCC grade 3 88 Head Single 3.5 RTx + CTx Biopsy Bone (pelvis) - 10
6 F/57 Bone (femur) 9 OP + RTx + CTx No Osteosarcoma, FNCLCC grade 3 15 mo prior Tail Single 2.7 OP + CTx DP Skin (scalp), bone (rib, ilium, sternum, pelvis), brain 18 -
7 F/32 Bone (skull) 4 OP + RTx No Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, FNCLCC grade 3 65 Tail Single 19 OP DP Lung, mesentery, bone (femur) 48 -
8 F/28 Bone (femur) 11.7 NeoCTx + OP + CTx No High-grade spindle-cell sarcoma, type uncertain, FNCLCC grade 3 20 Body Single 4 OP DP Bone (pelvis) 11 -
9 F/35 Pulmonary vein 4.6 RTx + OP Yes Intimal sarcoma, FNCLCC grade 2 14 Tail Single 2.6 CTx Biopsy Retroperitoneal LN, bone (left humerus), lung 29 -
10 M/52 Soft tissue (knee) 8.2 OP + RTx + CTx No Myxofibrosarcoma, FNCLCC grade 2 26 Head Single 2.5 OP PPPD No - 4
11 M/35 Soft tissue (thigh) 22 OP No Myxoid liposarcoma, FNCLCC grade 2 0 Tail Multiple 11 OP + CTx DP Bone (humerus) 16 -
12 F/60 Uterus 8.5 OP Yes (vaginal stump) Rhabdomyosarcoma, subtype uncertain, FNCLCC grade 3 8 Head, body, tail Multiple NA CTx Biopsy No 5 -

F, female; OP, operation; FNCLCC, Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer; NeoCTx, neoadjuvant chemotherapy; DP, distal pancreatectomy; M, male; RTx, radiation therapy; CTx, adjuvant chemotherapy; T, tumorectomy; WHO, World Health Organization; NA, not available; PPPD, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; LN, lymph node.

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      Sarcoma metastasis to the pancreas: experience at a single institution
      J Pathol Transl Med. 2020;54(3):220-227.   Published online April 22, 2020
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