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Original Article
Clinicopathologic significance of the delta-like ligand 4, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α in gallbladder cancer
Sujin Park, Junsik Kim, Woncheol Jang, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Kee-Taek Jang
J Pathol Transl Med. 2023;57(2):113-122.   Published online March 14, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2023.02.01
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  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is usually detected in advanced stages with a low 5-year survival rate. Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF2α) have been studied for their role in tumorigenesis and potential for therapeutic target, and multiple clinical trials of the agents targeting them are ongoing. We investigated the expression of these markers in surgically resected GBC and tried to reveal their association with the clinicopathologic features, mutual correlation of their expression, and prognosis of the GBC patients by their expression.
Methods
We constructed the tissue microarray blocks of 99 surgically resected GBC specimens and performed immunohistochemistry of DLL4, VEGF, and HIF2α. We used the quantitative digital image analysis to evaluate DLL4 and VEGF expression, while the expression of HIF2α was scored manually.
Results
The expression of VEGF and HIF2α showed a significant trend with tumor differentiation (p= .028 and p= .006, respectively). We found that the high DLL4 and VEGF expression were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p= .047, both). The expression of VEGF and HIF2α were significantly correlated (p < .001). The GBC patients with low HIF2α expression showed shorter recurrence-free survival than those with high HIF2α expression.
Conclusions
This study suggested the possibility of the usage of DLL4 and VEGF to predict the lymph node metastasis and the possibility of VEGF and HIF2α to predict the expression level mutually. Further studies may be needed to validate our study results and eventually accelerate the introduction of the targeted therapy in GBC.

Citations

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  • Dedifferentiated Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterine Corpus with Heterologous Component: Clinicopathological Analysis of Five Consecutive Cases from a Single Institution and Comprehensive Literature Review
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Review
Molecular Testing for Gastrointestinal Cancer
Hye Seung Lee, Woo Ho Kim, Yoonjin Kwak, Jiwon Koh, Jeong Mo Bae, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Mee Soo Chang, Hye Seung Han, Joon Mee Kim, Hwal Woong Kim, Hee Kyung Chang, Young Hee Choi, Ji Y. Park, Mi Jin Gu, Min Jin Lhee, Jung Yeon Kim, Hee Sung Kim, Mee-Yon Cho
J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(2):103-121.   Published online February 19, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.01.24
  • 17,918 View
  • 894 Download
  • 55 Web of Science
  • 49 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
With recent advances in molecular diagnostic methods and targeted cancer therapies, several molecular tests have been recommended for gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Microsatellite instability analysis of gastrointestinal cancers is performed to screen for Lynch syndrome, predict favorable prognosis, and screen patients for immunotherapy. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been approved in metastatic CRCs with wildtype RAS (KRAS and NRAS exon 2–4). A BRAF mutation is required for predicting poor prognosis. Additionally, amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and MET is also associated with resistance to EGFR inhibitor in metastatic CRC patients. The BRAF V600E mutation is found in sporadic microsatellite unstable CRCs, and thus is helpful for ruling out Lynch syndrome. In addition, the KRAS mutation is a prognostic biomarker and the PIK3CA mutation is a molecular biomarker predicting response to phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and response to aspirin therapy in CRC patients. Additionally, HER2 testing should be performed in all recurrent or metastatic GCs. If the results of HER2 immunohistochemistry are equivocal, HER2 silver or fluorescence in situ hybridization testing are essential for confirmative determination of HER2 status. Epstein-Barr virus–positive GCs have distinct characteristics, including heavy lymphoid stroma, hypermethylation phenotype, and high expression of immune modulators. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies enable us to examine various genetic alterations using a single test. Pathologists play a crucial role in ensuring reliable molecular testing and they should also take an integral role between molecular laboratories and clinicians.

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Original Article
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with Concomitant EGFR, KRAS, and ALK Mutation: Clinicopathologic Features of 12 Cases
Taebum Lee, Boram Lee, Yoon-La Choi, Joungho Han, Myung-Ju Ahn, Sang-Won Um
J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(3):197-203.   Published online April 18, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.03.09
  • 17,403 View
  • 288 Download
  • 69 Web of Science
  • 61 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were thought to be mutually exclusive, some tumors harbor concomitant mutations. Discovering a driver mutation on the basis of morphologic features and therapeutic responses with mutation analysis can be used to understand pathogenesis and predict resistance in targeted therapy.
Methods
In 6,637 patients with NSCLC, 12 patients who had concomitant mutations were selected and clinicopathologic features were reviewed. Clinical characteristics included sex, age, smoking history, previous treatment, and targeted therapy with response and disease-free survival. Histologic features included dominant patterns, nuclear and cytoplasmic features.
Results
All patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and had an EGFR mutation. Six patients had concomitant KRAS mutations and the other six had ALK mutations. Five of six EGFR-KRAS mutation patients showed papillary and acinar histologic patterns with hobnail cells. Three of six received EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and showed partial response for 7–29 months. All six EGFR-ALK mutation patients showed solid or cribriform patterns and three had signet ring cells. Five of six EGFR-ALK mutation patients received EGFR TKI and/or ALK inhibitor and four showed partial response or stable disease, except for one patient who had acquired an EGFR mutation.
Conclusions
EGFR and ALK mutations play an important role as driver mutations in double mutated NSCLC, and morphologic analysis can be used to predict treatment response.

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